Table 9.

Comparison of multi-technology data fusion techniques for IPSs.

Fusion Technique	Technologies Integrated	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
Dual-Step Fusion	Inertial sensors, short-range and long-range radio	Improved accuracy through pattern matching and PDR	Complexity in implementation and processing	[280]
Data-Driven Inertial Navigation with BLE	Inertial sensors, BLE	Up to 45.37% reduction in positional error using deep learning	Requires significant data for model training	[281]
Fingerprint Fusion	Wi-Fi, UWB, 433 MHz	In total, 11% accuracy improvement in complex environments	Dependency on the quality of fingerprint database	[282]
Information-Theory-Based Fusion	Multiple Wi-Fi access points	Enhances localization performance in crowded environments	Requires sophisticated algorithms and processing power	[283]
Data fusion Knowledge Transfer for CSI	Multiple Wi-Fi access points based CSI	Improves accuracy in dynamic settings, like parking lots	Involves complex data handling; requires calibration	[243]