Algorithm 2: Steps of the implementation of the improved SSA-VMD model
Input: raw signal
Output: $(k_{best},{\alpha }_{best})$
/* Adaptive optimisation of VMD parameters based on the SSA*/
Initialise Imax, R2, PD, SD
Calculate the initial MEE$E_p$
Obtain $X_{best}^T$
while ($t<T_{\max }$)
	Update the sparrow’s location through Algorithm 1
	Calculate min $ME{E}^{T+1}$
	If $\min ME{E}^{T+1}<\min ME{E}^T$, $X_{best}^T\leftarrow X_{best}^{T+1}$
end while
obtain ($k_{best}$$,{\alpha }_{best}$)