Figure 3.

Analysis of differences in stem xylem hydraulic traits of C. mongolicum among sample sites. Notes: (A) Mean vessel diameter; (B) hydraulic weighted vessel diameter; (C) vessel diameter contributing 95% hydraulic conductivity; (D) vessel density; (E) percentage of conductive area; (F) vessel grouping index; (G) inter-wall thickness of the vessel; (H) thickness-to-span ratio of vessels; (I) wood density; (J) theoretical hydraulic conductivity; (K) Carlquist’s vulnerability index. Error bars are standard errors. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. Different sample sites with different colors are sorted from small to large by MAP and marked A–G. * p < 0.05, ** p <  0.01, *** p < 0.001.