Table 2.

Summary of the most recent studies related to osmotic pumps.

Osmotic System	Osmotic Agent	Administration	Active Ingredient	Target	Ref.
CPOP	Potassium chloride and mannitol	Oral	Paliperidone	-	[34]
	Lactose monohydrate and fructose		Enalapril maleate	-	[9]
EOP	Hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses		Diltiazem hydrochloride	-	[11]
	Sodium chloride		Valganciclovir HCl	Beagle dogs	[12]
PPOP			Diltiazem, ambroxol, paracetamol, etc.	-	[10]
EOP	Mannitol with polyethylene oxide	Implanted on the jugular vein	Fenofibrate-loaded solid lipid coating + LDL antibodies	White pigs	[50]
HTP *	Sodium chloride	Implanted subcutaneously	PDE8 inhibitor	C57BL/6 mice	[39,51]
HTP * Model 1002		Implanted subcutaneously and linked to the ventricle	tcDNA	Mdx52 mice	[41,51]
HTP * Model 1004		Implanted in the right ear	Fluvastatin	CBA/CaJ mice	[38,51]
HTP * Model 2001		Implanted subcutaneously	Meloxicam	Pigeons	[19,51]
HTP * Model 2006			Angiotensin II	Mst1−/− and C57BL/6 wild-type mice	[40,51]
HTP * Model 2006		Implanted in the left ear	Artificial perilymph	Guinea pigs	[51,52]
HTP * Model 2ML4		Implanted subcutaneously in the lumbar area	Isoform FS-288	Sprague–Dawley rats	[51,53]
HTP * Model AP2004		Implanted subcutaneously	Angiotensin II	Apoe−/−	[51,54]
HTP * Model 2002		Connected to the neurite outgrowth chamber	Neurotrophin-3	3D-printed neurite outgrowth chamber	[51,55]

* (ALZET^®, Durect Corporation, Cupertino, CA, USA).