Table 1.

Augmentation operations implemented.

Augmentation Operation	Values	Description
Horizontal Flip	-	Flips the image horizontally
Scale	0.7×	Scales down the image by 30%
	1.3×	Scales up the image by 30%
Rotation	−15°	Rotates the image −15°
	+15°	Rotates the image 15°
Hue, Saturation and Value	−15 ≤ hue ≤ 1	Changes the image’s hue, saturation and value levels
	−20 ≤ saturation ≤ 20
	−30 ≤ value ≤ 30
CLAHE	contrast limit = 4	Applies Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization to the image
	grid size = 8 × 8
Emboss	0.4 ≤ alpha ≤ 0.6	Embosses the image and overlays the result with the original image
	0.5 ≤ strength ≤ 1.5
Sharpen	0.2 ≤ alpha ≤ 0.5	Sharpens the image and overlays the result with the original image
	0.5 ≤ lightness ≤ 1.5
Optical Distortion	−0.15	Applies negative optical distortion to the image
	+0.15	Applies positive optical distortion to the image
Gaussian Blur	blur ≤ 7	Blurs the image using a Gaussian filter
	$\sigma$ ≤ 5
Glass Blur	$\sigma$ = 0.5	Applies glass blur to the image
	$\delta$ = 2
ISO Noise	colour shift = 0.15	Applies ISO noise to the image
	intensity = 0.6
Random Rain	-	Adds random rain to the image
Random Fog	-	Adds random fog to the image
Random Snow	-	Adds random snow to the image
Spatter Mud	-	Adds mud spatter to the image
Spatter Rain	-	Adds rain spatter to the image