TABLE 2 ].
Sex-Based Differences in Pulmonary Hypertension Subtypes
| WSPH Group Subtype | No. | Male Sex | Female Sex | % Femalea | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | |||||
| Total No. | 353 | 94 | 259 | 73.4 | … |
| Idiopathic PAH | 158 | 48 (51.1) | 110 (42.5) | 69.6 | .15b |
| Familial PAH | 27 | 6 (6.4) | 21 (8.1) | 77.8 | .66c |
| HHT | 4 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.5) | 100.0 | .58c |
| Drug- and toxin-induced PAH | 16 | 2 (2.1) | 14 (5.4) | 87.5 | .25c |
| Connective tissue disease | 93 | 17 (18.1) | 76 (29.3) | 81.7 | .03b |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 16 | 0 (0.0) | 16 (6.2) | 100.0 | .01c |
| Sjögren’s disease | 9 | 1 (1.1) | 8 (3.1) | 88.9 | .45c |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 7 | 3 (3.2) | 4 (1.5) | 57.1 | .39b |
| Mixed connective tissue disease | 16 | 1 (1.1) | 15 (5.8) | 93.8 | .08c |
| Systemic sclerosis | 42 | 10 (10.6) | 32 (12.4) | 76.2 | .66b |
| HIV | 10 | 4 (4.3) | 6 (2.3) | 60.0 | .47c |
| Congenital heart disease | 36 | 10 (10.6) | 26 (10.0) | 72.2 | .87b |
| Shunt repaired | 15 | 5 (5.3) | 10 (3.9) | 66.7 | .56c |
| Portopulmonary | 18 | 9 (9.6) | 9 (3.5) | 50.0 | .03c |
| Group 2 | |||||
| Total No. | 136 | 58 | 78 | 57.4 | … |
| Valvular heart disease | 35 | 17 (29.3) | 18 (23.1) | 51.4 | .41b |
| Valvular stenosis | 19 | 9 (15.5) | 10 (12.8) | 52.6 | .80c |
| Valvular regurgitation | 29 | 15 (25.9) | 14 (17.9) | 48.3 | .27b |
| Systolic heart failure | 26 | 19 (32.8) | 7 (9.0) | 26.9 | < .001c |
| Diastolic heart failure | 100 | 34 (58.6) | 66 (84.6) | 66.0 | < .001b |
| Cardiomyopathy | 14 | 7 (12.1) | 7 (9) | 50.0 | .58c |
| Hypertrophic | 7 | 3 (5.2) | 4 (5.1) | 57.1 | 1.0c |
| Restrictive | 6 | 4 (6.9) | 2 (2.6) | 33.3 | .40c |
| Group 3 | |||||
| Total No. | 172 | 84 | 88 | 51.2 | … |
| COPD | 66 | 35 (41.7) | 31 (35.2) | 47.0 | .39b |
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | 15 | 9 (10.7) | 6 (6.8) | 40.0 | .43c |
| Other interstitial lung disease | 60 | 18 (21.4) | 42 (47.7) | 70.0 | < .001b |
| CPFE | 9 | 7 (8.3) | 2 (2.3) | 22.2 | .09c |
| Hypersensitivity pneumonitis | 7 | 6 (7.1) | 1 (1.1) | 14.3 | .06c |
| OSA | 57 | 32 (38.1) | 25 (28.4) | 43.9 | .18b |
| Restrictive lung disease or thoracic cage abnormality | 10 | 7 (8.3) | 3 (3.4) | 30.0 | .32c |
| Cystic fibrosis | 3 | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.3) | 66.7 | 1.0c |
| Group 4 | |||||
| Total No. | 57 | 22 | 35 | 61.4 | … |
| Prior PTE | 18 | 4 (18.2) | 14 (40.0) | 77.8 | .14c |
| Prior BPA | 4 | 1 (4.5) | 3 (8.6) | 75.0 | 1.0c |
| Group 5 | |||||
| Total No. | 32 | 21 | 11 | 34.4 | … |
| Sarcoidosis | 19 | 13 (61.9) | 6 (54.5) | 31.6 | .72c |
| Hemoglobinopathy | 8 | 5 (23.8) | 3 (27.3) | 37.5 | 1.0c |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. Patients could be included in multiple subtypes, so percentages do not add to 100%. BPA = balloon pulmonary angioplasty; CPFE = combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema; HHT = hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension; PTE = pulmonary thromboendarterectomy; WSPH = World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension.
a
Percentage of patients with given subtype of pulmonary hypertension who are female.
b
Pearson χ2 test.
c
Fisher exact test.