Fig. 3. Effects of high extracellular glucose pretreatment (30 min) on insulin exposures, glucose excursions, and time controls.

a displays PFRs measured during 12-min imaging experiments in neurons (n = 67–75) and astrocytes (n = 14–18) with insulin exposures (shaded region). A small but significant reduction in PFRs was detected following insulin exposures. Panel (b) shows the lack of response in both neurons (n = 33 – 35) and astrocytes (n = 8–12) with glucose excursions. c represents time control experiments in neurons (n = 10), and astrocytes (n = 5). The spread of the data is displayed as averages of data collected at different time points before, during, and after compound exposure for each respective set of imaging experiments (rightmost graphs). Asterisks represent a significant main effect of exposure. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.