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. 2024 Oct 8;56(11):2407–2421. doi: 10.1038/s41588-024-01939-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 2 — The y-axis refers to the experimental −log₁₀(P) from two-sided z test of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. The x-axis refers to the theoretical −log₁₀(P) based on percentile. Each point represents a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The line of identity (y = x) is shown in a black dashed line, indicating the expected alignment under the null hypothesis. Deviations from this line suggest possible inflation due to population structure or polygenic effects. The genomic inflation factor lambda (λ) is calculated for each phenotype indicating minimal inflation of test statistics. The λ estimates ranged from 0.9907 to 1.0094, and visual inspection of the QQ plots did not suggest any systematic bias in the data.