Skip to main content
. 2024 Nov 8;9:213. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00964-3

Fig. 1. Study design for the vaccination group and the infection group (December 2020 to August 2023).

Fig. 1

Notes: Adults included in the study were categorized in two groups based on their initial exposure to COVID-19 antigens in the period over December 2020 – August 2023. The vaccination group: those whose first recorded COVID-19 vaccination preceded any infection formed the vaccine group; The infection group: those whose first documented COVID-19 infection occurred prior to any vaccination. The index event established as the initial instance of either vaccination or infection. Follow-up period: Patients were followed from the index date to 30 days (primary analysis) and 60/90 days (secondary analysis). Censored at the end of 30 days without AKI outcomes or death within 30 days (primary analysis). Selection period: 1 year before index date, assess for demographics and comorbidities. Patients who had AKI within 30 days before the index date were excluded to eliminate suspected non-onset events.Abbreviation: AKI acute kidney injury.