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. 2024 Nov 8;10:85. doi: 10.1186/s40942-024-00605-w

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of control subjects and diabetic patients

Variables Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 p value
N (patients) (%) 48 (29.3) 47 (28.7) 69 (42.1) < 0.0001
Age (years), mean (SD) 63 (7.8) 65 (8.4) 70 (5.7) 0.67
Sex: men. N (%) 25 (52.1) 23 (48.9) 38 (55.1) 0.87
Pseudophakic. N (%) 12 (25) 19 (40.4) 38 (55.1) 0.005
DM type
Type 2. N (%) 48 (100) 47 (100) 69 (100)
Insulin use. N (%) 19 (39.6) 7 (14.9) 28 (40.6) 0.008
A1C (%), mean (SD) 8.2 (1.95) 8.5 (1.65) 8.7 (1.48) 0.279
DM, mean duration (years) (SD) 6 (4) 7 (3) 11 (3) < 0.0001
Presence of SAH in DM patients. N (%) 18 (37.5) 15 (31.9) 35 (50.7) > 0.05
Serum creatinine, mean (SD) 0.90 (0.2) 1.1 (0.35)* 1.1 (0.36)* 0.003
Vision loss duration, mean (years) (SD) 0.25 (0.4) 2.62 (1.5) 4.4 (2.1) < 0.0001
Ophthalmic Measurements
Visual acuity (LogMAR), mean (SD) 0.02 (0.04) 0.15 (0.11) 0.45 (0.21) < 0.0001
Central macular thickness (µm), mean (SD) 281.5 (15.8)* 324.2 (43.6)* 479.2 (106.9)* < 0.001
DR classification. N (%)
DM without DR 22 (45.8) 0 0
Mild NPDR 15 (31.3) 2 (4.2) 0
Moderate NPDR 11 (22.9) 25 (53.2) 16 (23.2)
Severe NPDR 0 14 (29.8) 36 (52.2)
PDR 0 6 (12.8) 17 (24.6)

Legends: *p < 0.05; A1C, glycated hemoglobin; DM, diabetes mellitus; SAH, systemic arterial hypertension; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy