Table 4.
Overview of main effects and regions implicated.
| Author/date | Overall effect* | Regions* (WB vs ROI) |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | ||
| Alba-Ferrara 2016 | Alcohol dependent < controls |
dlPFC, mPFC, aPFC, left putamen, left anterior insula (activation) hippocampus (connectivity) |
| Charlet 2014 | Alcohol dependent < controls |
left rACC, bilateral fusiform gyrus (ROI) right middle frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal gyrus, left cerebellum (WB) No difference amygdala (ROI) |
| Gilman 2008 | Negative images > positive images |
amygdala (VOI) bilateral insula, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left lingual gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right medial temporal gyrus (WB) |
| Jansen 2019 | Alcohol dependent < controls |
posterior insula, precuneus, operculum, superior temporal gyrus (WB) No effect amygdala (ROI) |
| Kim 2014 | Alcohol dependent < controls |
right inferior temporal gyrus, bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (WB) right amygdala, right middle temporal gyrus, pons, left superior frontal gyrus (WB) |
| Marinkovic 2009 | Alcohol dependent < controls during emotional faces vs neutral | amygdala and hippocampus (ROI) |
| O’Daly 2012 |
Alcohol dependent < controls (activation) Repeated MSDs < fewer MSDs (connectivity) |
OFC and insula (activation) insula-amygdala and prefrontal-globus pallidus (connectivity) |
| Salloum 2007 |
Alcohol dependent < controls Alcohol dependent > controls |
rACC (fear, disgust, and sad), insula (disgust) insula (angry, happy, sad and fear) |
| Seo 2013 | Alcohol dependent < controls during stress trials | vmPFC, ventral ACC, insula, precuneus (WB) |
| Zakiniaiez 2017 | Alcohol dependent < controls during stress vs neutral | ventral ACC, MCC and PCC |
| Yang 2013 | Alcohol dependent < controls during high threat | pgACC, mPFC, PCC, bilateral parietal/occipital cortex, right hippocampus (WB) |
| Cocaine | ||
| Albein-Urios 2014 |
Cocaine dependent > controls in maintain vs observe Cocaine dependent < controls in suppress vs maintain |
right dlPFC and bilateral temporoparietal junction right inferior frontal gyrus, PCC, insula and fusiform gyrus |
| Asensio 2010 | Cocaine dependent < controls when pleasant pictures | dorsal and ventral striatum (including NAcc), thalamus, parietal cortex and dmPFC |
| Canterberry 2016 | Cocaine dependent < controls to positive and negative images | mPFC and ventral ACC |
| Potenza 2012 |
Cocaine dependent women > controls during stress and neutral-relaxing Cocaine dependent women > men during stress and neutral-relaxing |
amygdala, hippocampus, insula, ACC, vlPFC, vmPFC, dmPFC, dlPFC in women (WB) |
| Sinha 2005 |
Cocaine dependent > controls during stress Cocaine dependent < controls during stress |
caudate and dorsal striatum dACC, left hippocampal/parahippocampal region, right fusiform gyrus, right postcentral gyrus |
| Xu 2013 | Cocaine dependent with mutation > cocaine dependent without mutation during stress and cue vs neutral | right amygdala, hippocampus |
| Opioids | ||
| Schmidt 2014 | Opioid dependent > controls | left amygdala |
| Schmidt 2015 | Opioid dependent > controls | connectivity left fusiform gyrus-left amygdala, right amygdala-right OFC |
| Wang 2010 | Opioid dependent < controls to negative affective images | right amygdala |
| Smoski 2011 | Opioid dependent < controls to negative affective images | dACC and amygdala |
| Cannabis | ||
| Wesley 2016 | Cannabis group < controls | mPFC |
| Wetherill 2014 | Aversive cues > neutral cues (no group comparison) | left anterior insula and pgACC |
| Zimmermann 2018 | Cannabis dependent > controls to negative emotional stimuli |
mOFC (activation) mOFC-dorsal striatum, mPFC-amygdala (connectivity) |
ACC anterior cingulate cortex, aPFC anterior prefrontal cortex, BOLD blood-oxygen-level-dependent, dACC dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dmPFC dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, MCC midcingulate gyrus, mOFC medial orbitofrontal cortex, MSD medically supervised detoxification, mPFC medial prefrontal cortex, NAcc nucleus accumbens, PCC posterior cingulate gyrus, pgACC pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, rACC rostral anterior cingulate cortex, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, ROI region of interest, vmPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex, vlPFC ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, VOI volume of interest, WB whole brain.