Figure 9.

Modeling results

Full lines with filled symbols represent the fine models whereas the dashed lines with unfilled symbols represent the coarse models.

Red lines represent kriging and blue lines averaging upscaling methods.

(A) Contact Area (%).

(B) Average Channel Aperture (m).

(C) Hydraulic aperture (m).

(D) Fluid inlet and outlet (green lines) pressures (Pa). Fluid outlet pressures share the same color for all models since they are all affected by boundary conditions and all overlap, shown here only for demonstrating numerical stability.