Fig. 1.

Study design and surgical procedure. (a) Mice were fed sucrose-enriched water (10 %) and a western diet with 40 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% fructose and 2 kcal% cholesterol (WD, D09100301, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA) ad libitum at four weeks of age. After 12 weeks of diet mice were allocated to the experimental groups (control, Pf and SG) and underwent sham operation (control and Pf) or sleeve-gastrectomy. Food and weight were measured weekly. IP-GTTs and blood samples were collected at baseline, before surgery as well as 2 and 8 weeks after surgery. Two or eight weeks after surgery mice were sacrificed for organ explantation. (b) Representative pictures of the SG procedure. After midline laparotomy and mobilizing the stomach a non-traumatic surgical (vascular) clamp was placed on the resection margin. Then the stomach including the entire forestomach was resected and the remaining section of the stomach closed with a running suture (Created with BioRender.com). (c) Experimental groups.