Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, and Cognitive Variables
| HCs, n = 48 | NCVHs, n = 34 | PSZ, n = 56 | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site, Maryland:Yale | 32:16 | 21:13 | 44:12 | χ22 = 3.32; p = .19 |
| Gender, F:M:O | 30:18:0 | 26:8:0 | 17:39:0 | χ22 = 20.78; p < .001 |
| Age, Years | 37.21 ± 13.30 | 49.82 ± 10.49 | 34.43 ± 10.54 | F2,135 = 19.83; p < .001 |
| Race, A:AA:C:Other | 3:9:30:6 | 5:2:27:0 | 4:20:28:4 | χ26 = 18.01; p < .01 |
| Education, Years | 16.30 ± 2.20 | 15.35 ± 2.50 | 13.96 ± 1.88 | F2,132 = 14.94; p < .001 |
| Parental Education | 15.16 ± 3.25 | 14.15 ± 2.78 | 14.55 ± 2.50 | F2,129 = 1.31; p = .28 |
| CPZ Dose Equivalent, mg/day | – | – | 366.19 ± 285.58 | – |
| BPRS Total | 1.08 ± 0.11 | 1.76 ± 0.33 | 1.76 ± 0.40 | F2,127 = 68.67; p < .001 |
| BPRS hallucinations | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 4.47 ± 1.01 | 3.30 ± 1.89 | F2,127 = 67.67; p < .001 |
| BPRS delusions | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 4.47 ± 1.04 | 2.91 ± 1.60 | F2,127 = 82.14; p < .001 |
| BPRS positive | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 3.68 ± 0.59 | 2.64 ± 1.19 | F2,127 = 98.97; p < .001 |
| BPRS negative | 1.05 ± 0.24 | 1.14 ± 0.46 | 1.71 ± 0.54 | F2,127 = 31.78; p < .001 |
| BPRS disorganized | 1.02 ± 0.08 | 1.11 ± 0.24 | 1.30 ± 0.42 | F2,127 = 11.25; p < .001 |
| LSHS Total | 8.25 ± 7.22 | 23.42 ± 8.54 | 23.29 ± 9.31 | F2,128 = 46.29; p < .001 |
| WTAR | 115.3 ± 12.15 | 113.47 ± 9.34 | 104.76 ± 14.17 | F2,131 = 10.22; p < .001 |
| MCCB Processing Speed | 55.98 ± 12.97 | 53.76 ± 8.30 | 42.20 ± 11.57 | F2,130 = 20.57; p < .001 |
| MCCB Working Memory | 54.23 ± 8.49 | 50.00 ± 9.46 | 44.56 ± 11.95 | F2,130 = 10.87; p < .001 |
| MCCB Verbal Learning | 48.98 ± 8.02 | 47.30 ± 8.17 | 41.85 ± 9.96 | F2,130 = 8.54; p < .001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or n.
A, Asian; AA, African American; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; C, Caucasian; CPZ, chlorpromazine; F, female; HCs, healthy comparison subjects; LSHS, Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale; M, male; MCCB, MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; NCVHs, nonclinical voice hearers; O, other; PSZ, people with schizophrenia; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.