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. 2024 Nov 9;14:27364. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78399-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Generation and purification of DNA nanoparticles from GFP gene-containing scaffolds. Representative agarose gel electrophoresis display of the purified DNA nanoparticles used in this study. M: molecular marker; 1: dsGFP (fully duplex GFP gene); 2: ssGFP (single-stranded antisense strand (i.e., scaffolds for DNA nanoparticles)); GHL: DNA nanoparticles with linear promoter/enhancer; 3: PO (GHL PO; DNA nanoparticle with linear promoter/enhancer and single-stranded gene); 4: HS (GHL HS; DNA nanoparticle with linear promoter/enhancer and a half complement of staples); 5: FS (GHL FS; DNA nanoparticle with linear promoter/enhancer and a mostly full complement of staples); 6: FSC (GHL FSC; DNA nanoparticle with linear promoter/enhancer and a full complement of staples). For lanes 1 and 2, the band at approximately 1.7 kb represents dsGFP, and the band at approximately 0.7 kb represents ssGFP. The bands between 1.7 kb and 1 kb for lanes 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent successfully self-assembled DNA nanoparticles with linear duplex promoter/enhancer.