Figure 10.

Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over premotor cortex during movement in a previously unanalyzed dataset. Red vertical lines show the onset of TMS; blue vertical lines show the window from 10 ms to 50 ms after TMS in which MEPs in the hand and arm will occur. The data are from first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle activity during action observation, imitation, and finger-thumb opposition and after TMS at 110% distance-adjusted resting motor threshold (RMT) [Stokes et al. (32)] over dorsal (PMd, red) and ventral (PMv, blue) premotor cortex and vertex (black). Grand average EMG traces from 1,176 TMS pulses during observation and imitation (top) or 15 pulses during finger-thumb opposition movements (bottom) for each of 12 participants; previously unpublished data from the study by Reader and Holmes (31). Further examples are provided in Supplemental Results S11.