Table 1.
Participants, experimental design, and TMS parameters
| Exp | Participants |
Head Sizes |
Tasks | Reps | Distance from Cz, cm |
TMS |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Female/Male† | Age, years | Handedness†† L/A/R | MRI | N-I | E-E | Area | Lateral | Anterior | RMT MSO | Intensity |
Sites | Machine | Orient-ations | Hz | Pulses | Muscles | ||||
| %MSO | %RMT | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 12 | 6/6 | 24.3 (5.8) | 0/0/12 | 5 | 36.4 (1.8) | 35.5 (1.7) | Pegboard | 3 | L-FDI | ∼ | ∼ | 64.0 (6.9) | 69.5 (6.6) | 109 (2.0) | 2 | Rapid2, biphasic | 45º | 1 | 30 | ∼ |
| L-SMG | −9.2 (1.3) | −2.9 (1.0) | |||||||||||||||||||
| L-MFG | −7.6 (1.1) | 6.6 (1.4) | |||||||||||||||||||
| None | ∼ | ∼ | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2a | 12 | 4/8 | 28.5 (4.3) | 0/0/12 | 11 | 35.8 (1.3) | 35.5 (1.7) | Pegboard | 8 | L-FDI | ∼ | ∼ | 59.8 (8.2) | 64.8 (9.8) | 108 (4.1) | 2 | Rapid2, biphasic | 45º | 2 | 60 | ∼ |
| L-SMG | −9.2 (1.0) | −3.5 (1.4) | |||||||||||||||||||
| R-SMG | 9.2 (1.6) | −2.5 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||||||
| None | ∼ | ∼ | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2b | 7 | 1/6 | 29.0 (5.3) | 0/0/7 | 6 | 36.4 (1.8) | 36.1 (1.5) | Pegboard | 1 | L-FDI | −4.6 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.8) | 60.1 (9.8) | 64.1 (10.6) | 107 (5.3) | 2 | Rapid2, biphasic | 45º | 2 | 60 | ThenarR |
| L-SMG | -9.0 (1.4) | −3.4 (1.4) | FDIR | ||||||||||||||||||
| R-SMG | 9.5 (1.3) | −2.7 (0.7) | FDSR | ||||||||||||||||||
| EDCR | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 12 | 7/5 | 28.4 (7.3) | 0/1/11 | 12 | 36.7 (1.4) | 36.8 (1.4) | Pegboard | 1 | L-FDI | −5.1 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.7) | 58.3 (9.4) | 63.0 (7.8) | 109 (5.9) | 5 | BiStim2, | 0º | 1–2 | 10 | ThenarR |
| Isotonic | pos 2 | −6.1 (0.4) | −0.8 (0.8) | monophasic | 45º | FDIR | |||||||||||||||
| Rest | pos 3 | −7.1 (0.4) | −1.6 (0.9) | 90º | FDSR | ||||||||||||||||
| pos 4 | −8.2 (0.7) | −2.5 (1.1) | 135º | EDCR | |||||||||||||||||
| L-SMG | −9.2 (1.0) | −3.4 (1.3) | 180º | ||||||||||||||||||
| 225º | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 270º | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 315º | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 12* | 9/3 | 22.4 (4.1) | 1/2/9 | 1 | 36.6 (1.2) | 36.4 (1.3) | Isotonic | 1 | L-FDI+ | −5.4 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.6) | 53.5 (6.4) | 61.6 (6.4) | 115 (5.6) | 16 | BiStim2, | 45º | 0.2 | 10 | FDIR |
| monophasic | 135º | ADMR | |||||||||||||||||||
| 225º | FDSR | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 315º | DMR | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 12** | 3/9 | 24.4 (6.3) | 0/0/12 | 5 | 37.0 (1.4) | 37.4 (1.3) | Pegboard | 1 | L-FDI+ | −5.2 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.8) | 60.6 (12.2) | 67.8 (10.8) | 113 (8.6) | 27 | BiStim2, | 45º | 0.2 | 10 | FDIR |
| Isotonic | monophasic | 135º | ADMR | ||||||||||||||||||
| 225º | FDSR | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 315º | DMR | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 12 | 7/5 | 26.1 (8.6) | 1/0/11 | 0 | 37.5 (1.1) | 37.0 (1.3) | Buttoning | 1 | L-FDI+ | −5.3 (0.6) | -0.1 (0.7) | 68.7 (7.5) | 68.8 (7.4) | 100 (0.0) | 27 | BiStim2, | 45º | 0.2 | 10 | FDIL |
| Flanker | monophasic | FDSL | |||||||||||||||||||
| FDIR | |||||||||||||||||||||
| FDSR | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 11*** | 7/4 | 29.4 (3.21) | 1/0/10 | 2 | 37.4 (2.2) | 37.9 (1.8) | Pegboard | 1 | L-FDI | −5.2 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.4) | 51.6 (8.6) | 16-90 | ∼50-160 | 2 | BiStim2, | 45º | 0.2 | 20 | FDIR |
| Rest | L-SMG | −8.7 (0.3) | −2.7 (0.4) | monophasic | ADMR | ||||||||||||||||
| FDSR | |||||||||||||||||||||
| EDCR | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | 22 | 10/12 | 28.1 (7.9) | 1/0/21 | 22 | 36.8 (2.3) | 36.8 (1.3) | Neuronavigation | 1 | L-FDI | −5.9 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.8) | 62.2 (7.8) | 68.4 (8.6) | 110 (0.0) | 27 | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ |
| L-SMG | −9.3 (0.8) | −3.4 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||||||
Numbers show counts, mean (SD), or degrees. N, number. Handedness: A, ambidextrous; L, left; R, right. ADM, abductor digiti minimi; DM, deltoid middle; EDC, extensor digitorum communis; E-E, distance between the 2 preauricular points; Exp., experiment; FDI, first dorsal interosseus; FDS, flexor digitorum superficialis; L-, left hemisphere; -l, left hand; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging T1 scan available; MSO, maximum stimulator output; N-I, distance from nasion to inion; Pulses, TMS pulses per condition and location and orientation; R-, right hemisphere; -r, right hand; Reps, repetitions per task and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combination; RMT, resting motor threshold. ∼Not applicable, or no data are available. *One additional participant was excluded for feeling faint. **One additional participant did not complete the experiment because of a public health pandemic response. ***One additional participant did not complete the experiment because of a RMT > 70%MSO. †Participants were only provided 2 options to describe their sex (female/male). ††Handedness was self-reported.