Table 2.
The association between loneliness and low fruit and vegetable consumption in Japanese adults (n = 3,410).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Loneliness | 1.33 (1.23–1.45)*** | 1.21 (1.11–1.31)*** | 1.21 (1.11–1.32)*** | 1.21 (1.11–1.32)*** | 1.14 (1.04–1.26)** |
| Sex (Female) | 0.38 (0.27–0.54)*** | 0.36 (0.25–0.52)*** | 0.40 (0.28–0.58)*** | 0.39 (0.27–0.57)*** | |
| Age | |||||
| 18–34 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 35–59 | 2.10 (1.37–3.24)** | 2.19 (1.42–3.40)*** | 2.03 (1.30–3.15)** | 2.09 (1.34–3.26)** | |
| ≥ 60 | 1.09 (0.64–1.86) | 1.26 (0.71–2.22) | 1.20 (0.68–2.12) | 1.33 (0.75–2.36) | |
| Education | |||||
| <Higher education | 1.67 (1.22–2.29)** | 1.68 (1.22–2.31)** | 1.57 (1.14–2.17)** | 1.56 (1.13–2.16)** | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Single (never married) | 3.48 (2.36–5.14)*** | 3.54 (2.39–5.24)*** | 3.60 (2.43–5.33)*** | 3.50 (2.36–5.19)*** | |
| Divorced/widowed | 2.57 (1.53–4.33)*** | 2.64 (1.56–4.45)*** | 2.60 (1.54–4.39)*** | 2.62 (1.54–4.43)*** | |
| Household income (yen) | |||||
| 4 <10 million | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| ≥ 10 million | 0.32 (0.12–0.91)* | 0.34 (0.12–0.95)* | 0.34 (0.12–0.94)* | 0.34 (0.12–0.96)* | |
| <4 million | 1.24 (0.85–1.81) | 1.22 (0.83–1.79) | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 1.24 (0.84–1.82) | |
| Missing data | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | 0.93 (0.59–1.45) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) | 1.00 (0.63–1.58) | |
| Medical conditions (number) | |||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 1 | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) | 1.02 (0.69–1.50) | ||
| ≥2 | 0.53 (0.28–1.02) | 0.51 (0.27–0.99)* | 0.52 (0.27–1.00) | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||||
| 18.5–24.9 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <18.5 | 1.12 (0.69–1.81) | 1.09 (0.67–1.77) | 1.06 (0.65–1.73) | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.98 (0.64–1.51) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | 0.94 (0.61–1.45) | ||
| ≥ 30.0 | 0.67 (0.29–1.53) | 0.65 (0.28–1.49) | 0.59 (0.25–1.35) | ||
| Problematic alcohol use | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | |||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Former smoker | 1.30 (0.85–1.99) | 1.27 (0.83–1.96) | |||
| Current smoker | 1.94 (1.32–2.84)** | 1.96 (1.33–2.88)** | |||
| Depressive symptoms | 1.93 (1.32–2.83)** | ||||
| Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval; Ref, Reference category; ***p <0.001, **p <0.01, *p <0.05.