Table 2.
Patient characteristics before durable mechanical circulatory support
| Parameter | 1-year survivors (N = 212) | 1-year nonsurvivors (N = 86) | P value | Missing values, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 53.96 ± 11.98 | 59.49 ± 11.86 | <.001 | 0.0 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 185 (87.3) | 68 (79.1) | .107 | 0.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 26.73 ± 4.59 | 27.43 ± 5.36 | .259 | 1.5 |
| BMI >30 kg/m2, n (%) | 35 (16.7) | 23 (27.1) | .064 | 1.5 |
| BSA, m2, mean ± SD | 2.02 ± 0.23 | 2.00 ± 0.23 | .445 | 5.1 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 61 (28.4) | 30 (36.1) | .250 | 1.2 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 74 (34.9) | 41 (47.7) | .055 | 0.0 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 16 (7.6) | 10 (12.0) | .330 | 1.5 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 19 (9.6) | 12 (14.6) | .318 | 7.2 |
| History of cardiac surgery, n (%) | 32 (16.1) | 20 (25.6) | .097 | 6.6 |
| CPR before Impella support, n (%) | 62 (29.7) | 28 (32.0) | .680 | 1.2 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | .605 | 0.0 | ||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 68 (32.1) | 26 (30.2) | ||
| Decompensated ischemic cardiomyopathy | 58 (27.4) | 26 (30.2) | ||
| Decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy | 58 (27.4) | 22 (25.6) | ||
| Fulminant myocarditis | 18 (8.5) | 5 (5.8) | ||
| Other cardiomyopathy | 7 (3.3) | 3 (3.5) | ||
| Other etiology | 3 (1.4) | 4 (4.7) | ||
| Data related to temporary mechanical circulatory support | ||||
| Impella type (%) | .163 | 0.0 | ||
| Impella 5.5 | 57 (26.9) | 25 (29.1) | ||
| Impella 5.0 | 105 (49.5) | 33 (38.4) | ||
| Impella CP | 50 (23.6) | 28 (32.6) | ||
| Impella access site (%) | .425 | 0.0 | ||
| Femoral artery | 53 (25.0) | 27 (31.4) | ||
| Axillary artery | 157 (74.1) | 58 (67.4) | ||
| Aorta | 2 (0.9) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Impella support duration, d, median (IQR) | 9.00 (5.00-14.00) | 8.00 (5.50-14.00) | .426 | 3.3 |
| Upgrade from Impella CP to 5.0 or 5.5, n (%) | 25 (15.3) | 6 (10.3) | .471 | 25.8 |
| VA-ECLS before/during Impella support, n (%) | 77 (37.6) | 36 (44.4) | .348 | 3.9 |
| VA-ECLS duration, d, median (IQR) | 7.00 (4.00-10.00) | 8.00 (5.00-12.25) | .241 | 63.9 |
| Time between VA-ECLS weaning and dLVAD implantation, d, median (IQR) | 1.00 (0.00-9.00) | 0.00 (0.00-0.50) | .019 | 63.9 |
| VA-ECLS weaning ≤1 d before dLVAD implantation, n (%) | 40 (54.8) | 27 (75.0) | .054 | 63.9 |
| IABP before mAFP support, n (%) | 21 (9.9) | 8 (9.3) | 1.000 | 0.0 |
| Mobilization, n (%) | .350 | 9.0 | ||
| No mobilization | 65 (33.7) | 34 (43.0) | ||
| Mobilization in bed | 60 (31.1) | 22 (27.8) | ||
| Mobilization to the bedside | 26 (13.5) | 11 (13.9) | ||
| Mobilization out of bed | 30 (15.5) | 11 (13.9) | ||
| Mobilization out of the room | 12 (6.2) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Blood loss during tMCS, mL, median (IQR) | 200.00 (5.00-1210.00) | 130.00 (7.50-1000.00) | .494 | 48.2 |
| Blood units during tMCS, median (IQR) | 4.00 (0.00-12.00) | 6.00 (0.00-22.50) | .221 | 19.0 |
| Other organ support | ||||
| Invasive ventilation, n (%) | 87 (42.0) | 36 (42.9) | 1.000 | 2.4 |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 55 (26.1) | 32 (37.2) | .076 | 0.3 |
| Inotropic score, median (IQR) | 3.00 (0.00-7.68) | 4.42 (0.25-7.49) | .123 | 12.6 |
| Vasoactive-inotropic score, median (IQR) | 3.10 (0.00-7.68) | 4.63 (0.25-7.73) | .095 | 12.6 |
| Last available hemodynamic parameters | ||||
| sPAP, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 37.50 (25.00-53.50) | 43.00 (29.25-52.75) | .300 | 47.6 |
| mPAP, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 26.00 (17.00-37.00) | 30.50 (24.25-40.75) | .105 | 48.5 |
| dPAP, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 20.50 (14.00-29.00) | 22.00 (18.25-27.00) | .284 | 48.8 |
| CVP, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 10.00 (7.00-15.00) | 11.00 (7.00-14.50) | .719 | 33.4 |
| Preoperative laboratory parameters, median (IQR) | ||||
| Platelets ×10³/μL | 142.00 (92.50-213.25) | 105.00 (82.00-149.50) | .001 | 1.8 |
| White blood cell count, ×10³/μL | 10.70 (8.70-14.22) | 11.70 (8.47-16.35) | .272 | 1.8 |
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 9.50 (8.50-10.50) | 9.40 (8.70-10.60) | .734 | 1.5 |
| Free hemoglobin, g/dL | 8.00 (5.23-12.70) | 8.20 (6.00-14.30) | .440 | 44.0 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, mg/dL | 588.00 (423.50-902.50) | 610.00 (444.25-915.00) | .498 | 9.0 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.10 (0.78-1.38) | 1.12 (0.80-1.56) | .219 | 0.9 |
| Base excess | 0.20 (−1.98 to 2.50) | 0.20 (−1.90 to 1.80) | .806 | 3.9 |
| pH | 7.43 (7.38-7.48) | 7.44 (7.40-7.47) | .536 | 1.8 |
| AST, U/L | 58.00 (35.00-123.30) | 68.50 (47.10-125.50) | .125 | 4.8 |
| ALT, U/L | 52.00 (30.00-96.50) | 60.50 (34.55-127.95) | .291 | 22.9 |
| GGT, U/L | 100.00 (59.00-189.00) | 102.50 (48.75-195.90) | .919 | 12.6 |
| Direct bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.94 (0.57-1.80) | 1.83 (1.01-3.42) | .004 | 61.7 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.29 (0.79-2.18) | 1.60 (0.85-3.94) | .020 | 2.4 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 8.12 (3.51-20.42) | 9.90 (4.80-20.60) | .232 | 2.7 |
| Haptoglobin, mg/dL | 10.00 (8.00-55.00) | 11.00 (8.00-35.65) | .984 | 66.3 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 2.70 (2.10-3.10) | 2.59 (2.15-3.10) | .530 | 14.2 |
| INR | 1.20 (1.10-1.30) | 1.20 (1.10-1.40) | .198 | 2.4 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 47.00 (29.95-72.50) | 53.60 (33.65-98.17) | .054 | 2.1 |
| Creatinine mg/dL | 1.06 (0.80-1.71) | 1.17 (0.86-1.74) | .507 | 2.1 |
| MELD | 13.50 (9.00-21.50) | 18.50 (12.00-26.00) | .001 | 2.1 |
| MELD-XI | 13.00 (10.00-20.00) | 17.00 (11.00-23.00) | .005 | 2.1 |
BMI, Body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IQR, interquartile range; VA-ECLS, venoarterial extracorporeal life support; dLVAD, durable left ventricular assist device; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; mAFP, microaxial flow pump; tMCS, temporary mechanical circulatory support; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; dPAP, diastolic pulmonary artery pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease; MELD-XI, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease excluding international normalized ratio.