Table 3.
Study characteristics: clinical trials
| Reference | Country | Mean age (y) | Female sex (%) | Population, sample size | Study design and duration | Intervention and dosage | Control/placebo and dose | Outcome assessment method | Outcome | Adherence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azpiroz et al (2017)29 | France and Spain | 41.5 | 75 | Patients with IBS (n = 79) | Parallel 4-wk | scFOS, 5 g/d | Maltodextrin, 5 g/d | HADS | Changes in HADS scores for anxiety and depression | NR |
| Farhangi et al (2018)61 | Iran | 49.4 | 100 | Patients with T2DM (n = 62) | Parallel 8-wk | NUTRIOSE®06 resistant dextrin, 10 g/d | Maltodextrin, 10 g/d | DASS | Change in overall DASS score | NR |
| Ibarra et al (2016)31 | The Netherlands | 27.4 | 100 | Healthy adults (n = 32) | Crossover, 150 min | Polydextrose, 12.5 g in yogurt | Glucose syrup in yogurt to match the calorie content in the intervention | POMS-32 | Change in depression score | NR |
| Johnstone et al (2021)62 | United Kingdom | 21.5 | 100 | Healthy adults (n = 48) | Parallel 4-wk | GOS, 7.5 g/d | Maltodextrin, 7.5 g/d | STAI | Change in trait anxiety | Ma |
| Kazemi et al (2019)30 | Iran | 36.5 | 71 | Patients with mild to moderate depression (n = 72) | Parallel, 8 wk | GOS, 5 g/d | Mixture of xylitol and maltodextrin, 5 g/d | BDI | Chang in BDI score | Mb |
| Moludi et al (2021)63 | Iran | 51 | 40 | Patients with CAD (n = 96) | Parallel 8-wk | Inulin, 15 g/d | Maltodextrin 15 g/d | BDI-II and STAI-Y | Change in BDI scores for depression and STAI-Y scores for anxiety | Mb |
| Schmidt et al (2014)51 | United Kingdom | 24 | 51 | Healthy adults (n = 45) | Parallel 3-wk | FOS and GOS, 5.5 g/d | Maltodextrin, 5.5 g/d | STAI-trait | Change in STAI-trait scores for anxiety | Mb |
| Silk et al (2009)53 | United Kingdom | 54 | 64 | Patients with IBS (n = 44) | Cross-over 4-wk | trans-GOS, 7 g/d | Maltodextrin, 7 g/d | HADS | Changes in HADS scores for anxiety and depression | M |
| Vulevic et al (2018)64 | United Kingdom | 35 | 57 | Adults with GI symptoms (n = 120) | Cross-over 2-wk | Prebiotic, B-GOS (Bimuno) 2.75 g/d | Maltodextrin, 2.75 g/d | HADS | Change in HADS scores | Mb |
| Smith et al (2005)46 | United Kingdom | 32 | 51 | Healthy adults (n = 142) | Cross over 2-wk | Oligofructose-enriched inulin, 10 g/d | Maltodextrin, 10 g/d | HADS | Changes in HADS scores for anxiety and depression | M |
a
Method of compliance assessment or compliance rate not reported.
b
Compliance rate >80%.
Abbreviations: BDI-II, revised Beck Depression Inventory; CAD, coronary artery disease; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; FOS, fructo-oligosaccharide; GI, gastrointestinal; GOS, galacto-oligosaccharide; HADS, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; M, monitored; NR, not reported; POMS-32, 32-item Profile of Mood States questionnaire; scFOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.