Table 3.
Variability of Force–time characteristics across scenarios
| Force–time characteristic | Case Scenario | Statistics | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Standard” 50 year-old male | 70 year-old female | 30 year-old athlete | ||||||||
| Mean ± SD | Range | Interquartile range | Mean ± SD | Range | Interquartile range | Mean ± SD | Range | Interquartile range | ||
| Preload force (N) | 146.89 ± 95.57 | 4.50–450.25 | 128.83 | 126.20 ± 87.48 | 7.42–459.67 | 96.25 | 173.00 ± 105.43 | 5.42–398.58 | 146.25 |
(F[2,237] = 2.029 p = 0.134 η2 = 0.02 [0.00, 1.00] |
| Release Force (N) | 112.96 ± 83.03 | 1.00–414.17 | 101.33 | 110.21 ± 85.48 | 5.83–427.58 | 95.58 | 124.30 ± 82.89 | 0.75–384.83 | 123.42 |
F[2,237] = 0.813 p = 0.445 η2 = 0.01 [0.00, 1.00] |
| Δ Preload and release force (N) | 33.93 ± 33.32 | 0.00–112.80 | 49.52 | 15.99 ± 15.97 | 0.00–62.33 | 22.50 | 48.70 ± 42.78 | 0.00–178.33 | 61.92 |
F[2,237] = 3.948 p = 0.021 η2 = 0.03 [0.00, 1.00] |
| Peak force (N) | 615.38 ± 215.10 | 146.08–1167.25 | 309.58 | 406.32 ± 187.88 | 89.00–912.83 | 235.50 | 694.95 ± 248.24 | 192.25–1285.17 | 376.83 |
F[2,237] = 11.771 p = < 0.0001 η2 = 0.09 [0.04,1.00] |
| Thrust force (N) | 502.42 ± 184.44 | 144.08–1076.75 | 252.83 | 296.11 ± 143.07 | 40.67–805.00 | 170.92 | 570.65 ± 209.12 | 191.5–1129.00 | 321.42 |
F[2,237] = 14.23 p = < 0.0001 η2 = 0.11 [0.05, 1.00] |
| Maximum thrust speed (N/s) | 7551.68 ± 2985.37 | 2291.67–16,733.33 | 4020.83 | 4323.15 ± 2154.11 | 675.00–12516.67 | 2537.50 | 8679.64 ± 3468.42 | 2300.00–18058.33 | 4883.33 |
(F[2,237] = 13.790 p = 0.0002 η2 = 0.10 [0.05, 1.00] |
| Rate of force application (N/s) | 3772.48 ± 1564.83 | 1128.07 –7737.77 | 2097.37 | 2163.75 ± 1146.35 | 282.53–5966.52 | 1226.05 | 4406.50 ± 1871.46 | 1318.70–9129.86 | 2852.81 |
F[2,237] = 14.075 p = < 0.0001 η2 = 0.11 [0.05,1.00] |
| Thrust impulse (Ns) | 6705.34 ± 3117.47 | 2000.80–16894.47 | 4465.68 | 3571.41 ± 1972.08 | 445.23–10,579.82 | 2528.37 | 6648.54 ± 2765.50 | 2274.26–13,491.53 | 3830.76 |
F[2,237] = 9.115 p = 0.0004 η2 = 0.07 [0.02, 1.00] |
| Preload duration (ms) | 170.44 ± 121.99 | 8.50–687.67 | 117.83 | 149.55 ± 88.44 | 2.33–423.00 | 78.21 | 148.63 ± 9 4.62 | 4.17–486.67 | 90.83 |
F[2,237] = 0.035 p = 0.965 η2 = 0.01 [0.00, 1.00] |
| Thrust duration (ms) | 20.38 ± 33.03 | 7.67–197.67 | 3.83 | 22.53 ± 33.93 | 7.17–275.67 | 7.67 | 20.57 ± 33.95 | 6.33–236.33 | 3.67 |
F[2,237] = 0.334 p = 0.717 η2 = 0.01 [0.00, 1.00] |
| Resolution duration (ms) | 56.72 ± 28.90 | 6.67–150.67 | 32.00 | 56.43 ± 30.21 | 4.67–157.33 | 35.50 | 58.10 ± 29.83 | 7.33–133.33 | 35.17 |
F[2,237] = 0.274 p = 0.760 η2 = 0.01 [0.00, 1.00] |
| Total duration (ms) | 249.82 ± 124.32 | 68.83–736.00 | 147.00 | 230.00 ± 107.79 | 62.83–601.33 | 136.67 | 229.52 ± 107.70 | 72.83–682.67 | 106.00 |
F[2,237] = 0.061 p = 0.940 η2 = 0.01 [0.00, 1.00] |
N = Newton; N/s = Newtons per second; Ns = Newton second; ms = millisecond.