Table 3:
Adjusted score differences by mode of delivery.
|
Outcomes |
F-statistic p-Value |
Unassisted vaginal delivery (n=1,770) [reference] |
Instrumental vaginal delivery (n=480) | Elective caesarean delivery (n=346) |
Non-elective caesarean delivery (n=259) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n | Estimate (95 % CI) | p-Value | n | Estimate (95 % CI) | p-Value | n | Estimate (95 % CI) | p-Value | ||
| Primary outcome | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| CBCL total | 0.18 | 1,230 | 354 | – | – | 238 | – | – | 186 | – | – |
| CBCL externalizing | 0.78 | 1,230 | 354 | – | – | 238 | – | – | 186 | – | – |
| CBCL internalizing | 0.003 | 1,230 | 354 | −1.00 (−2.25, 0.25) | 0.12 | 238 | 1.32 (−0.15, 2.78) | 0.08 | 186 | 2.09 (0.49, 3.69) | 0.01 |
|
| |||||||||||
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| CELF total | 0.5 | 1,005 | 267 | – | – | 205 | – | – | 148 | – | – |
| CELF receptive | 0.46 | 1,009 | 268 | – | – | 208 | – | – | 149 | – | – |
| CELF expressive | 0.54 | 1,006 | 269 | – | – | 208 | – | – | 148 | – | – |
| CPM | 0.58 | 1,009 | 271 | – | – | 208 | – | – | 149 | – | – |
| PPVT | 0.64 | 937 | 249 | – | – | 197 | – | – | 134 | – | – |
| SDMT written | 0.96 | 1,005 | 268 | – | – | 206 | – | – | 148 | – | – |
| SDMT oral | 0.84 | 1,004 | 268 | – | – | 207 | – | – | 148 | – | – |
| MAND | 0.005 | 998 | 268 | −0.38 (−2.30, 1.54) | 0.7 | 205 | −3.48 (−5.61, −1.35) | 0.001 | 147 | −2.41 (−4.82, 0.01) | 0.05 |
| Autism quotient | 0.48 | 784 | 227 | – | – | 147 | – | – | 118 | – | – |
CI, confidence interval; CBCL, child behavior checklist; CELF, clinical evaluation of language fundamentals; CPM, coloured progressive matrices; PPVT, peabody picture vocabulary test; SDMT, symbol digit modality test; MAND, McCarron’s assessment of neuromuscular development; AQ, autism spectrum quotient. AQ is completed at age 19–20. All other assessments are completed at age 10. Higher scores on CBCL and AQ indicate worse scores; lower scores on CELF, PPVT, MAND, CPM, and SDMT indicate poorer performance. Covariates were selected using stepwise regression with specific covariates selected for each outcome listed in Supplementary Table 3.