Table 4. Univariate analysis of neurocognitive impairment in preschool children with cancer (n = 100).
| Variables | Communication [M (Q25, Q75)/n(%)] | Z/χ2 | P | Gross motor [M (Q25, Q75)/n(%) | Z/χ2 | P | Fine motor [M (Q25, Q75)/n(%) | Z/χ2 | P | Problem Solving [M (Q25, Q75)/n(%)] | Z/χ2 | P | Personal-Social [M (Q25, Q75)/n(%)] | Z/χ2 | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n = 86) | 1 (n = 14) | 0 (n = 86) | 1 (n = 14) | 0 (n = 86) | 1 (n = 14) | 0 (n = 86) | 1 (n = 14) | 0 (n = 86) | 1 (n = 14) | |||||||||||
| Age at first diagnosis | 3.38 (2.35, 4.33) | 2.21 (0.83, 3.52) | -2.01 | 0.044 | 3.42 (2.25, 4.48) | 3.00 (2.17, 4.17) | -0.77 | 0.441 | 3.33 (2.25, 4.33) | 3.08 (2.17, 4.21) | -0.43 | 0.667 | 3.42 (2.25, 4.33) | 2.58 (2.17, 4.04) | -0.97 | 0.331 | 3.33 (2.25, 4.33) | 3.08 (2.12, 4.25) | -0.46 | 0.643 |
| Duration of disease | 1.04 (0.35, 2.40) | 1.25 (0.54, 1.92) | -0.45 | 0.655 | 1.21 (0.42, 2.90) | 0.88 (0.27, 1.56) | -1.40 | 0.161 | 1.25 (0.42, 2.92) | 0.83 (0.25, 1.25) | -2.12 | 0.034 | 1.17 (0.42, 2.83) | 0.67 (0.21, 1.33) | -1.88 | 0.060 | 1.25 (0.42, 3.00) | 0.67 (0.21, 1.33) | -2.39 | 0.017 |
| PAS | 31.00 (19.25, 40.00) | 34.00 (22.75, 37.75) | -0.16 | 0.874 | 30.50 (20.00, 39.75) | 33.00 (18.75, 39.00) | -0.07 | 0.946 | 31.00 (20.00, 40.00) | 26.00 (20.50, 34.50) | -1.46 | 0.144 | 31.00 (20.00, 39.00) | 24.00 (19.00, 39.50) | -0.59 | 0.556 | 31.00 (19.00, 39.00) | 32.00 (21.00, 39.00) | -0.16 | 0.873 |
| Age group | - | 0.153 | - | 0.017 | - | 0.143 | - | 0.087 | - | 0.024 | ||||||||||
| 36–41 months | 11 (12.79) | 4 (28.57) | 9 (12.86) | 6 (20.00) | 8 (10.39) | 7 (30.43) | 9 (11.11) | 6 (31.58) | 7 (9.09) | 8 (34.78) | ||||||||||
| 42–47 months | 11 (12.79) | 1 (7.14) | 8 (11.43) | 4 (13.33) | 10 (12.99) | 2 (8.70) | 10 (12.35) | 2 (10.53) | 11 (14.29) | 1 (4.35) | ||||||||||
| 48–53 months | 6 (6.98) | 3 (21.43) | 4 (5.71) | 5 (16.67) | 6 (7.79) | 3 (13.04) | 6 (7.41) | 3 (15.79) | 6 (7.79) | 3 (13.04) | ||||||||||
| 54–59 months | 15 (17.44) | 2 (14.29) | 9 (12.86) | 8 (26.67) | 15 (19.48) | 2 (8.70) | 14 (17.28) | 3 (15.79) | 13 (16.88) | 4 (17.39) | ||||||||||
| ≥60 months | 43 (50.00) | 4 (28.57) | 40 (57.14) | 7 (23.33) | 38 (49.35) | 9 (39.13) | 42 (51.85) | 5 (26.32) | 40 (51.95) | 7 (30.43) | ||||||||||
| Sex | 5.32 | 0.021 | 0.19 | 0.663 | 6.83 | 0.009 | 0.58 | 0.444 | 4.57 | 0.032 | ||||||||||
| Male | 39 (45.35) | 11 (78.57) | 36 (51.43) | 14 (46.67) | 33 (42.86) | 17 (73.91) | 39 (48.15) | 11 (57.89) | 34 (44.16) | 16 (69.57) | ||||||||||
| Female | 47 (54.65) | 3 (21.43) | 34 (48.57) | 16 (53.33) | 44 (57.14) | 6 (26.09) | 42 (51.85) | 8 (42.11) | 43 (55.84) | 7 (30.43) | ||||||||||
| Radiotherapy | 0.59 | 0.442 | 0.17 | 0.683 | 0.68 | 0.410 | 0.00 | 1.000 | 3.75 | 0.053 | ||||||||||
| no | 67 (77.91) | 9 (64.29) | 54 (77.14) | 22 (73.33) | 60 (77.92) | 16 (69.57) | 62 (76.54) | 14 (73.68) | 62 (80.52) | 14 (60.87) | ||||||||||
| yes | 19 (22.09) | 5 (35.71) | 16 (22.86) | 8 (26.67) | 17 (22.08) | 7 (30.43) | 19 (23.46) | 5 (26.32) | 15 (19.48) | 9 (39.13) | ||||||||||
| Father’s education level | - | 0.012 | - | 0.409 | 8.51 | 0.037 | - | 0.005 | 2.64 | 0.451 | ||||||||||
| Primary school | 4 (4.65) | 3 (21.43) | 5 (7.14) | 2 (6.67) | 3 (3.90) | 4 (17.39) | 5 (6.17) | 2 (10.53) | 4 (5.19) | 3 (13.04) | ||||||||||
| Junior High School | 27 (31.40) | 6 (42.86) | 20 (28.57) | 13 (43.33) | 24 (31.17) | 9 (39.13) | 27 (33.33) | 6 (31.58) | 24 (31.17) | 9 (39.13) | ||||||||||
| High School | 18 (20.93) | 4 (28.57) | 15 (21.43) | 7 (23.33) | 16 (20.78) | 6 (26.09) | 13 (16.05) | 9 (47.37) | 18 (23.38) | 4 (17.39) | ||||||||||
| University and above | 37 (43.02) | 1 (7.14) | 30 (42.86) | 8 (26.67) | 34 (44.16) | 4 (17.39) | 36 (44.44) | 2 (10.53) | 31 (40.26) | 7 (30.43) | ||||||||||
| Residence | 3.01 | 0.083 | 5.05 | 0.025 | 8.60 | 0.003 | 3.89 | 0.049 | 3.89 | 0.049 | ||||||||||
| urban area | 52 (60.47) | 5 (35.71) | 45 (64.29) | 12 (40.00) | 50 (64.94) | 7 (30.43) | 50 (61.73) | 7 (36.84) | 48 (62.34) | 9 (39.13) | ||||||||||
| Rural | 34 (39.53) | 9 (64.29) | 25 (35.71) | 18 (60.00) | 27 (35.06) | 16 (69.57) | 31 (38.27) | 12 (63.16) | 29 (37.66) | 14 (60.87) | ||||||||||
| Dietary habit | - | 0.002 | - | 0.168 | - | 0.047 | - | 0.005 | - | 0.095 | ||||||||||
| balanced diet | 74 (86.05) | 7 (50.00) | 60 (85.71) | 21 (70.00) | 66 (85.71) | 15 (65.22) | 69 (85.19) | 12 (63.16) | 65 (84.42) | 16 (69.57) | ||||||||||
| meat-based diet | 7 (8.14) | 2 (14.29) | 5 (7.14) | 4 (13.33) | 6 (7.79) | 3 (13.04) | 8 (9.88) | 1 (5.26) | 7 (9.09) | 2 (8.70) | ||||||||||
| vegetarianism diet | 5 (5.81) | 5 (35.71) | 5 (7.14) | 5 (16.67) | 5 (6.49) | 5 (21.74) | 4 (4.94) | 6 (31.58) | 5 (6.49) | 5 (21.74) | ||||||||||
| Frequency ofcognitive activity | - | 0.064 | 6.83 | 0.033 | - | 0.205 | - | 0.809 | - | 0.539 | ||||||||||
| never | 17 (19.77) | 1 (7.14) | 8 (11.43) | 10 (33.33) | 13 (16.88) | 5 (21.74) | 14 (17.28) | 4 (21.05) | 12 (15.58) | 6 (26.09) | ||||||||||
| regular | 17 (19.77) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (18.57) | 4 (13.33) | 16 (20.78) | 1 (4.35) | 15 (18.52) | 2 (10.53) | 14 (18.18) | 3 (13.04) | ||||||||||
| irregularly | 52 (60.47) | 13 (92.86) | 49 (70.00) | 16 (53.33) | 48 (62.34) | 17 (73.91) | 52 (64.20) | 13 (68.42) | 51 (66.23) | 14 (60.87) | ||||||||||
| SDSC | 1.53 | 0.216 | 0.38 | 0.536 | 0.10 | 0.751 | 2.37 | 0.124 | 0.42 | 0.519 | ||||||||||
| normal | 52 (60.47) | 6 (42.86) | 42 (60.00) | 16 (53.33) | 44 (57.14) | 14 (60.87) | 44 (54.32) | 14 (73.68) | 46 (59.74) | 12 (52.17) | ||||||||||
| anomaly | 34 (39.53) | 8 (57.14) | 28 (40.00) | 14 (46.67) | 33 (42.86) | 9 (39.13) | 37 (45.68) | 5 (26.32) | 31 (40.26) | 11 (47.83) | ||||||||||
Z: Mann-Whitney test, χ2: Chi-square test, -: Fisher exact