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. 2024 Oct 24;55(1):7. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5448

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Under physiological conditions, cell stress promotes the activation and stabilization of p53 by post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, acetylation, etc.). The stabilized p53 forms tetramers, which bind the p53-dependent promoters and activate the expression of genes involved in different biological functions, such as cell cycle control, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis. The p53 protein directly interacts with numerous other proteins and regulates cellular pathways such as ferroptosis, ROS, autophagy and metabolism. The level of p53 protein is regulated by a p53-MDM2/MDMX feedback loop via proteasomal degradation of p53. 14-3-3-s, 14-3-3 protein sigma; ALDH4, aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1; ALOX12, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12S type; AMPK, protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutant; ATR, ataxia telangiectasia related; BAX, BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; Casp 7, caspase 7; CBP/p300, CREB-binding protein/p300; Cdc2, cyclin-dependent kinase 1; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; CDKN1A, CDK inhibitor 1; CHK1, checkpoint kinase 1; COX2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; CPT1C, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C; DDB2, damage specific DNA binding protein 2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; FANCC, Fanconi anemia complementation group C; Fas/Fas L, Fas cell surface death receptor/Fas cell surface death receptor ligand; FDXR, ferredoxin reductase; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GADD45, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45; GLS2, glutaminase 2; GLUT 1, solute carrier family 2 member 1; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase 1; HK2, hexokinase 2; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; LPIN1, lipin 1; MCD, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NOXA, NADPH oxidase activator; P19ARF, CDK inhibitor 2A; p38, p38 kinase; PAI1, serpin family E member 1; PANK1, pantothenate kinase 1; PGM, phosphoglucomutase 1; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; PIGs, phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class S; PKM2, pyruvate kinase M1/2; PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein; POX, proline dehydrogenase 1; PTGS2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; PUMA, BCL2 binding component 3; RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAT1, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; TFR1, transferrin receptor; TIGAR, TP53 induced glycolysis regulatory phosphatase; TP53INP1, tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1; XPC, xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C; YAP1, Yes1-associated transcriptional regulator.