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. 2024 Oct 1;43(4):1119–1135. doi: 10.1007/s10555-024-10216-4

Table 2.

Overview of the large mitochondrial ribosomal proteins associated with metastasis in more than one cancer type

MRPL Associated Cancer(s) Associated Protein(s) or Gene(s) Associated Pathway(s) Association of Metastatic Traits with Patterns of Expression
MRPL1

Breast [31],

Lung [47] (LCLC),

Colorectal [48]

SLC25A10 [48],

Metastasis inhibition network (MRPL19, MRPL20, MRPL37, MRPL38, MRPL39, MRPL50, ICT1) [48]

▲ Poor Prognosis [31],

▲/▼ Risk of metastasis in lung cancer [47],

▼ Risk of metastasis in colorectal cancer [48]
MRPL4 Breast [24, 46] (ER + [46]), Prostate [45] Part of a prognostic nine gene signature (MRPL3, MRPL13, MRPL15, MRPL17, MRPL18, MRPL24, MRPL46, MRPL48) [46]

RNA/mRNA binding [45],

Ribosome signalling [45]

 ▲ Recurrence [24, 46], ▲ Risk of metastasis [45], ▲ Poor survival [45], ▲ Distant metastasis [46]
MRPL9

Lung [49],

Hepatocellular [50]

MYC [49], ZEB1 [49],

E-cadherin [49],

Part of a prognostic two gene signature (SMG5) [50]

c-MYC signalling [49], Cell cycle [50],

Mismatch repair signalling [50], Spliceosome signalling [50],

Immune infiltration [50]

▼ Poor sphere formation [49],

▲ Risk of metastasis [49], ▲ Poor survival [49, 50],

▲ Recurrence [49, 50],▼ Poor proliferation [49, 50], ▼ Poor migration [49, 50], ▲ Drug resistance [50],
MRPL10

Ovarian [26],

Lung [27] (LUAD; Proximal-proliferative subtype & LUSC; Classical subtype)

 HE4 [26]

▲ Progression free survival [26],

▲ Poor survival [27]
MRPL12

Lung [51] (LUAD),

Breast [52]

 Immune infiltration [51]

▲ Poor prognosis [51], ▼ Poor proliferation [51],

▼ Poor invasion [51], ▼ Poor migration [52, 51],

▲ Poor survival [52],▼ Poor cell viability [52]
MRPL13

Breast [24, 31, 46, 52-55]

(Triple-negative breast cancer [54, 55]),

Lung

(NSCLC [56], LUAD [57])

Part of multiple prognostic gene signatures [46],

VEGFA [53], MMP-2 [53],

MMP-9 [53], MYC [55, 56],

Bcl-2 [56]

PI3K/AKT/mTOR [55, 56],

Cell cycle [55–57],

Immune infiltration [53, 57]

▲ Recurrence [24, 46, 54, 52, 55, 57],

▲ Poor Prognosis [31], ▲ Distant metastasis [46],

▼ Poor cell viability [52],

▼ Poor migration [52, 55, 57],

▲ Advanced stage [53, 55], ▲ Poor survival [53–57], ▲ Risk of metastasis [53, 55, 57],

▲ Proliferation [55–57], ▲ EMT [55, 57],

▲ Invasion [53, 57], ▲ Mutation burden [54],

▼ Hypoxia [57], ▼ Inflammation [57]
MRPL15 Breast [24, 46] (ER + [46]), Ovarian [26]

HE4 [26], MTORC1 [26],

MYC [26], P27 [26],

Part of multiple prognostic gene signatures [46]

 Cell cycle [26]

▲ Drug resistance [24], ▲ Recurrence [24, 46],

▲ Poor progression free survival [26],

▲ Advanced stage [26], ▲ Risk of metastasis [26],

▲ Poor survival [26], ▲ Distant metastasis [46],
MRPL19

Colorectal [48],

Lung [58] (LUAD)

MRPL1 [48], SLC25A10 [48],

Metastasis inhibition network (MRPL20, MRPL37, MRPL38, MRPL39, MRPL50, ICT1) [48]

Proliferative signalling pathways [58], Cell cycle [58],

Immune infiltration [58]

▼ Risk of metastasis in colorectal cancer [48],

▲ Risk of metastasis in LUAD [58],

▲ Invasion [58], ▲ Migration [58],

▲ Proliferation [58], ▲ Poor Survival [58],

▲ High grade [58]
MRPL20

Colorectal [48],

Prostate [59]

MRPL1 [48], SLC25A10 [48],

Metastasis inhibition network (MRPL19, MRPL37, MRPL38, MRPL39, MRPL50, ICT1) [48]

 Hormone independence [59]

▼ Risk of metastasis [48],

▲ Androgen independence [59]
MRPL35

Lung (NSCLC) [60, 61],

Colorectal [62],

Gastric [63, 64]

CDK1 [61], BIRC5 [61], CHEK1 [61], STMN1 [61], MCM2 [61],

SLC7A5 [60], USP39 [60],

PICK1 [63], BCL-XL [63], AGR2 [63], COPS5 [64], p53 [64]

p53 [61], Cell cycle [61, 62],

Apoptosis [61, 64], Autophagy [62]

▲ Poor prognosis [60],

▲ Increased tumour size [60], ▼ Poor invasion [60], ▼ Low glutamine metabolism [60],

▼ Poor viability [60], ▲ Poor survival [60, 62, 63], ▼ Apoptosis [60, 62, 63],

▼ Poor proliferation [60–63], ▲ Metastasis [60, 63],

▲ Advanced stage [60, 63],

▼ Slowed tumour progression [61],

▼ Poor colony formation [62], ▼ DNA damage [62], ▼ Increased ROS [62],

▼ Poor tumour formation [63]
MRPL36

Ovarian [26],

Breast [46, 65]

(ER-/Basal [46])

HE4 [26],

Part of a prognostic six gene signature (MRPL13, MRPL22, MRPL41, MRPL42, MRPL54) [46],

Part of a prognostic four gene signature (FEZ1, BMF, AFG1L) [65]

▲ Poor progression free survival [26],

▲ Poor survival [26, 65],

▲ Risk of metastasis [26, 65],

▲ Distant metastasis [46], ▲ Mutation burden [65], ▼ Drug resistance [65], ▲ Advanced stage [65]
MRPL37

Lung [27] (LUAD; Terminal respiratory unit),

Colorectal [48]

 MRPL1[48], SLC25A10 [48], Metastasis inhibition network (MRPL19, MRPL20, MRPL38, MRPL39, MRPL50, ICT1) [48]

▼ Favourable prognosis [27],

▼ Risk of metastasis [48]
MRPL38

Lung [47] (LCLC), Colorectal [48],

Ovarian [66]

 MRPL1 [48], SLC25A10 [48], Metastasis inhibition network (MRPL19, MRPL20, MRPL37, MRPL39, MRPL50, ICT1) [48]

▼ Risk of metastasis in

colorectal and lung cancer [47, 48],

▲ Risk of metastasis in ovarian cancer [66],

▲ Migration [66]
MRPL39

Ovarian [26],

Lung [47] (LCLC),

Colorectal [48]

HE4 [26], TRAP1 [47],

MRPL1 [48], SLC25A10 [48],

Metastasis inhibition network (MRPL19, MRPL20, MRPL37, MRPL38, MRPL50, ICT1) [48]

▲ Poor survival [26], ▲ Advanced stage [26],

▼ Risk of metastasis [47, 48]
MRPL42

Breast [24, 46]

(ER-/Basal [46]),

Lung [67] (LUAD)

Part of a prognostic six gene signature (MRPL13, MRPL22, MRPL36, MRPL41, MRPL54) [46],

YY1 [67], Vimentin [67],

 Cell cycle [67]

▲ Recurrence [24], ▲ Distant metastasis [46],

▲ Invasion [67], ▲ Migration [67],

▲ Proliferation [67], ▲ Risk of metastasis [67]
MRPL44 Breast [24], Thyroid [68] Oxidative Phosphorylation [68] ▲ Recurrence [24], ▲ Risk of metastasis [68]
MRPL49 Lung [27] (LUAD & LUSC), Breast [69] ▲ Advanced stage [27], ▼ Invasion [69]
MRPL54

Hepatocellular [70, 71],

Breast [46] (ER-/Basal)

Part of a prognostic six gene signature (MRPL13, MRPL22, MRPL36, MRPL41, MRPL42) [46],

Part of a prognostic six gene signature (CNOT6, UPF3B, ZC3H13, IFIT5, PPARGC1A) [70],

Part of a prognostic four gene risk model (EZH2, PPARGC1A, EIF2AK4) [71]

▼Poor Survival [70, 71],

▲ Distant metastasis [46]

▲Increased expression of MRP is associated with the trait; ▼ Decreased expression of MRP is associated with the trait. Abbreviations: LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; ER, estrogen receptor; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; LCLC, large cell lung cancer; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition

An overview of the large mitochondrial ribosomal proteins associated with metastasis in only one cancer type can be found in Supplementary Table 1