Fig. 1.

The interaction of TNFSF and TNFRSF and their downstream effectors. Upper panel: the interactions of TNFSF and TNFRSF members in tumor, lymphocytes, and stromal cells. The expression of some of these members results in multiple different effects. Lower panel: the downstream impact of the activation of TNFSF/TNFRSF leads to FADD or TRAF signals. The activation of FADD leads to subsequent cell death while the activation of TRAFs can lead to either cell survival or apoptosis, partially explaining the variability of the biologic impact of some TNFSF/TNFRSF members. Figure created with BioRender.com. Abbreviations: FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain; TNFSF, tumor necrosis factor superfamily; TNFRSF, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor