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. 2024 Nov 11;15:9738. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54215-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Time-dependent surface temperature and the infrared thermal images of CT/PVA, HMOF-CT/PVA, and MOF-CT/PVA under 1 sun illumination. b Water vapor sorption curve at 90% RH and desorption curve under 1 sun illumination. c Cycling performance and surface temperature of CT/PVA, HMOF-CT/PVA, and MOF-CT/PVA. For water vapor sorption process, membrane samples were placed in a confined climate chamber at 25 °C, which was presented as surface temperature in this figure. d Schematic of water adsorption–desorption process under nighttime and daytime environment.