Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of the study participants across quintiles of UNa-K ratio (n = 1782).
| Total | Q1 < 1.23 |
Q2-Q4 1.23–3.14 |
Q5 ≥ 3.14 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.0 ± 13.7 | 43.1 ± 13.0 | 43.2 ± 13.4 | 42.5 ± 15.6 |
| Men (%) | 46.0 | 37.6 | 46.6 | 53.1a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 5.1 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 27.6 ± 5.3 | 26.8 ± 4.9a, b |
| WC (cm) | 92.3 ± 12.3 | 91.9 ± 11.8 | 92.7 ± 12.4 | 91.4 ± 12.2 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 111 ± 14.7 | 110 ± 13.8 | 111 ± 14.5 | 112 ± 15.9 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.1 ± 9.4 | 74.8 ± 9.1 | 75.2 ± 9.3 | 75.3 ± 10.1 |
| PP (mmHg) | 35.9 ± 11.0 | 35.4 ± 10.7 | 35.8 ± 10.8 | 37.0 ± 12.1 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 87.1 ± 10.2 | 86.0 ± 9.7 | 87.1 ± 10.0 | 88.0 ± 10.9 |
| MBP (mmHg) | 93.1 ± 11.0 | 92.4 ± 10.4 | 93.2 ± 10.9 | 94.0 ± 11.9 |
| MPAP (mmHg) | 237 ± 28.0 | 236 ± 26.9 | 238 ± 27.7 | 239 ± 30.2 |
| TG-to-HDL-C | 3.36 ± 3.16 | 3.44 ± 3.79 | 3.37 ± 3.12 | 3.24 ± 2.5 |
| Serum Cr (mg/dL) | 1.08 ± 0.16 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 1.09 ± 0.21 |
| Urine Cr (mmol/L) | 13.9 ± 6.1 | 13.4 ± 5.8 | 14.0 ± 6.1 | 14.6 ± 6.2 |
| Urine microalbumin (mg/L) | 7.9 (3.9–13.7) | 5.9 (2.1–9.7) | 8.0 (4.1–13.1) | 9.7 (5.4–16.4)a |
| MCR (mg/mmol) | 0.70 (0.53–2.02) | 0.48 (0.20–1.05) | 0.72 (0.34–1.39) | 1.01 (0.53–2.02)a |
| Urine Na (mmol/L) | 137 ± 57.4 | 90.1 ± 42.4 | 143 ± 52.6 | 167 ± 56.2a, b |
| Urine K (mmol/L) | 72.1 ± 36.6 | 105 ± 57.4 | 71.9 ± 28.3 | 39.5 ± 16.2a, b |
| T2D (%) | 10.6 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 |
| HTN phenotypes (%) | ||||
| ISH | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 3.4a |
| IDH | 27.9 | 31.7 | 27.5 | 25.6 |
| SDH | 8.0 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 11.0a, b |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 10.0 | 6.2 | 9.7 | 14.1a |
| Current smokers (%) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.1 | 14.4 |
| Low-PA levels, % | 67.2 | 71.0 | 66.7 | 64.6 |
Data are mean ± SD, percent or median (inter-quartile range).
aSignificant difference with Q1.
bSignificant difference with Q2–Q4.
Analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc test (for continues normal-distributed variables) was used; Chi-square test (for categorical variables) or independent-sample median test (for nonparametric variables) was used.
BMI body mass index, Cr creatinine, DBP diastolic blood pressure, Na sodium, K potassium, SBP systolic blood pressure, PP pulse pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, MBP mean blood pressure, MPAP mean proportional arterial pressure, PA physical activity, WC waist circumference.
HTN phenotypes were defined as: ISH (SBP ≥ 130 and DBP < 80 mmHg), IDH (SBP < 130 and DBP ≥ 80 mmHg), and SDH (SBP ≥ 130 and DBP ≥ 80 mmHg).
Microalbuminuria was defied using sex-specific classification of microalbumin-creatinine ratio MCR (mg/mmol)36,37 as: Normal: MCR < 3.5 in men and < 2.5 in women; Microalbuminuria: 3.5 < MCR < 35 in men 2.5 < MCR < 25 in women.