Table 2.
Dietary intakes of the study participants across quintiles of UNa-K ratio (n = 1782).
| Q1 < 1.23 |
Q2-Q4 1.23–3.14 |
Q5 ≥ 3.14 |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2236 ± 697 | 2208 ± 678 | 2276 ± 662 | 0.209 |
| Protein (g/day) | 92.4 ± 43.0 | 87.8 ± 39.5 | 87.3 ± 36.7 | 0.271 |
| Na (mg/day) | 3510 ± 1180 | 3533 ± 1169 | 3740 ± 1459a | 0.021 |
| K (mg/day) | 4774 ± 1816 | 4458 ± 1798 | 4640 ± 2161 | 0.060 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 489 ± 381 | 409 ± 338a | 338 ± 258a, b | 0.001 |
| Starchy-vegetables (g/day) | 25.6 ± 20.3 | 25.8 ± 22.5 | 28.0 ± 25.3 | 0.418 |
| Non-starchy vegetables (g/day) | 309 ± 189 | 299 ± 189 | 284 ± 169 | 0.328 |
| Whole grains (g/day) | 158 ± 112 | 135 ± 101a | 133 ± 104a | 0.005 |
| Poultry (g/day) | 32.8 ± 34.6 | 30.4 ± 28.3 | 29.4 ± 31.2 | 0.436 |
| Red meat (g/day) | 23.1 ± 25.3 | 20.6 ± 18.4 | 21.4 ± 19.3 | 0.437 |
| Low-fat dairy (g/day) | 260 ± 179 | 231 ± 164 | 236 ± 172 | 0.087 |
| High-fat dairy (g/day) | 110 ± 144 | 107 ± 117 | 122 ± 133 | 0.221 |
| Nuts and seeds (g/day) | 14.2 ± 14.9 | 12.9 ± 15.6 | 11.1 ± 12.5 | 0.049 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 43.1 ± 33.4 | 42.8 ± 34.9 | 44.3 ± 35.5 | 0.835 |
| Ultra-processed foods (g/day) | 378 ± 214 | 415 ± 222 | 443 ± 213a | 0.005 |
| Tea and coffee (ml/day) | 598 ± 428 | 586 ± 466 | 545 ± 391 | 0.329 |
Data are mean ± SD.
Analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc test.
aSignificant difference with Q1.
bSignificant difference with Q2–Q4.