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. 2024 Oct 28;8:e57376. doi: 10.2196/57376

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©Jennifer D Marler, Craig A Fujii, MacKenzie T Utley, Daniel J Balbierz, Joseph A Galanko, David S Utley. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 28.10.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Examples of coach and study participant message interactions from 2 different participants. In the Pivot vaping cessation program, communication between the coach and the Pivot user took place via asynchronous in-app messaging.