Table 1. Patient, Clinician, and Device Characteristics of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) by Device Type.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 2824) | Midline catheter (n = 1999) | PICC (n = 825) | |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age, y | |||
| 18-49 | 466 (16.5) | 349 (17.5) | 117 (14.2) |
| 50-69 | 1175 (41.6) | 796 (39.8) | 379 (45.9) |
| ≥70 | 1183 (41.9) | 854 (42.7) | 329 (39.9) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1294 (46.5) | 960 (48.8) | 334 (41.1) |
| Male | 1487 (53.5) | 1009 (51.2) | 478 (58.9) |
| Self-reported race | |||
| Black | 344 (12.2) | 240 (12.0) | 104 (12.6) |
| White | 2328 (82.4) | 1641 (82.1) | 687 (83.3) |
| Other or unknown racea | 152 (5.4) | 118 (5.9) | 34 (4.1) |
| BMIb | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 87 (3.1) | 64 (3.2) | 23 (2.8) |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 649 (23.0) | 460 (23.0) | 189 (23.1) |
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 727 (25.8) | 505 (25.3) | 222 (27.2) |
| Obese (≥30) | 1305 (46.3) | 922 (46.1) | 383 (46.9) |
| Unknown | 48 (1.7) | 48 (2.4) | 0 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |||
| 0-1 | 846 (30.0) | 613 (30.7) | 233 (28.2) |
| 2-3 | 893 (31.6) | 629 (31.5) | 264 (32.0) |
| >3 | 1085 (38.4) | 757 (37.9) | 328 (39.8) |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), d | 6.0 (4.0-8.0) | 5.0 (4.0-8.0) | 6.0 (4.0-9.0) |
| Time in hospital prior to placement, median (IQR), d | 5.0 (3.0-7.0) | 5.0 (3.0-7.0) | 5.0 (3.0-7.0) |
| Time in hospital after placement, median (IQR), d | 1.0 (0-1.0) | 0 (0-1.0) | 1.0 (0-1.0) |
| Time of OPAT, median (IQR), d | 12.5 (8.0-20.0) | 11.0 (7.0-17.0) | 18.0 (11.0-26.0) |
| Advanced CKD (eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 331 (11.7) | 226 (11.3) | 105 (12.7) |
| Hemodialysis | 21 (0.7) | 15 (0.8) | 6 (0.7) |
| Active malignant neoplasm | 42 (1.5) | 8 (0.4) | 34 (4.1) |
| Receiving chemotherapy | 10 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) |
| Liver disease | 59 (2.1) | 50 (2.5) | 9 (1.1) |
| History of CLABSI | 30 (1.1) | 21 (1.1) | 9 (1.1) |
| History of VTE | 385 (13.6) | 259 (13.0) | 126 (15.3) |
| Receiving anticoagulant | 1762 (62.4) | 1220 (61.0) | 542 (65.7) |
| Presence of CVC | 33 (1.2) | 25 (1.3) | 8 (1.0) |
| PICC or CVC in prior 3 mo | 227 (8.0) | 133 (6.7) | 94 (11.4) |
| Indications for device placement | |||
| Antibiotics | 2824 (100) | 1999 (100) | 825 (100) |
| Difficult access | 96 (3.4) | 65 (3.3) | 31 (3.8) |
| Chemotherapy | 1 (<0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 |
| Multiple fluids | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
| TPN | 6 (0.2) | 0 | 6 (0.7) |
| Level of care at device placement | |||
| Emergency department | 6 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) |
| Inpatient medical floor | 2814 (99.6) | 1992 (99.6) | 822 (99.6) |
| Intensive care unit | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other or unknown | 4 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 0 |
| Discharge location | |||
| Home | 1964 (69.5) | 1413 (70.7) | 551 (66.8) |
| Postacute care facility | 768 (27.2) | 525 (26.3) | 243 (29.5) |
| Other or unknown | 92 (3.3) | 61 (3.1) | 31 (3.8) |
| Clinician characteristics | |||
| Health care professional inserting device | |||
| Vascular access nurse | 2376 (89.1) | 1767 (96.0) | 609 (73.8) |
| Interventional radiologist | 192 (7.2) | 45 (2.4) | 147 (17.8) |
| Advanced practice professional (IR) | 29 (1.1) | 29 (1.6) | 0 |
| Other or unknown | 69 (2.6) | 0 | 69 (8.4) |
| Infectious disease specialist consulted | 2441 (86.4) | 1728 (86.4) | 713 (86.4) |
| Teaching hospital | 2667 (96.1) | 1919 (97.8) | 748 (91.9) |
| Hospital size | |||
| <250 Beds | 979 (35.3) | 634 (32.3) | 345 (42.4) |
| 250-374 Beds | 780 (28.1) | 559 (28.5) | 221 (27.1) |
| ≥375 Beds | 1017 (36.6) | 769 (39.2) | 248 (30.5) |
| Placement attempts | |||
| 1 | 2248 (79.6) | 1587 (79.4) | 661 (80.1) |
| ≥2 | 214 (7.6) | 162 (8.1) | 52 (6.3) |
| Unknown | 362 (12.8) | 250 (12.5) | 112 (13.6) |
| Device characteristics | |||
| Single lumens | 2635 (98.0) | 1854 (98.9) | 781 (95.7) |
| Catheter size or thickness | |||
| <5F Catheter | 2496 (94.4) | 1759 (96.7) | 737 (89.3) |
| ≥5F Catheter | 148 (5.6) | 60 (3.3) | 88 (10.7) |
| Power capable | 2344 (83.0) | 1578 (78.9) | 766 (92.8) |
| Dwell time, d | |||
| ≤5 d | 217 (7.7) | 187 (9.4) | 30 (3.6) |
| 6-14 d | 1411 (50.0) | 1137 (56.9) | 274 (33.2) |
| ≥15 d | 1196 (42.4) | 675 (33.8) | 521 (63.2) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLABSI, central line–associated bloodstream infection; CVC, central venous catheter; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IR, interventional radiology; PICC, peripherally inserted central catheter; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
a
The other race category included American Indian or Alaska Native, Arab and Chaldean Ancestries, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and others.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.