Fig. 2.

Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and OA-catabolic factors are decreased and those of OA-anabolic factors are increased in the synovium of SMILE Tg mice. Representative immunohistochemistry images of the synovium of control C57BL/6 and SMILE Tg mice showing the levels of (A) pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1, (B) OA-catabolic (MMP1, MMP9, and MMP13) and (C) OA-anabolic factors (TIMP1 and TIMP3). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Scale bars = 100 μm (A, B and C). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001