Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included studies
| Study, authors (year); country | Study Design | Sample Size | Age (Years) | Gender (male) | Diabetes Mellitus (n) | Hypertension (n) | Hyperlipidaemia (n) | Conclusion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with RVO | Controls | Patients with RVO | Controls | Patients with RVO | Controls | Patients with RVO | Controls | Patients with RVO | Controls | Patients with RVO | Controls | ||||
| Hu et al. (2009) [20]; Taiwan | Retrospective Cohort | 591 | 2955 | 50-59(131), 60-69(185), >70(190) | 50-59(625), 60-69(925), >70(950) | 297 | 1485 | 193 | 694 | 435 | 1449 | 219 | 733 | RVO did not independently elevate the risk of acute myocardial infarction. | |
| Werther et al. (2011) [21]; USA | Retrospective Cohort | 4500 | 13,500 | 64.0 (13.4) | 64.0 (13.3) | 2239 | 6717 | 807 | 1493 | 2125 | 4215 | 1303 | 3210 | The incidence of MI was comparable between patients with RVO and control groups; however, the rate of CVA in RVO patients was nearly twice that of the controls. | |
| Capua et al. (2012) [22]; Italy | Retrospective Cohort | 45 | 145 | 54.1 (14) | 53.8 (13.5) | 26 | 77 | 5 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 64 | Coronary artery disease and non-fatal ischemic stroke were more prevalent in individuals with a history of RVO compared to a large cohort matched for cardiovascular risk factors. | |
| Bertelsen et al. (2012) [23]; Denmark | Prospective Case-control | 1168 | 116,800 | 50-59(235), 60-69(378), 70-79(330) | 50-59(31383), 60-69(24 627), 70-79(16 323) | 549 | 55,793 | 42 | 1547 | 188 | 14,688 | NR | NR | Diabetes, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease increase the risk of developing branch retinal vein occlusion up to a decade later. Branch retinal vein occlusion, in turn, raises the risk of hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease, highlighting the importance of preventive measures. | |
| Bertelsen et al. (2014) [24]; Denmark | Retrospective Cohort | 439 | 2195 | 50-59(60), 60-69(111), 70-79(139) | 50-59(304), 60-69(554), 70-79(679) | 230 | 1150 | 42 | 113 | 178 | 719 | NR | NR | CRVO increased overall mortality compared to controls due to statistically attributed cardiovascular and diabetic disorders. | |
| Shih et al. (2015) [25]; Taiwan | Retrospective Cohort | 10,081 | 40,324 | 79.6 (4.8) | 79.6 (4.8) | 5578 | 22,312 | 3856 | 13,082 | 8197 | 28,363 | 3571 | 12,013 | The findings of this research indicate a reciprocal relationship between the likelihood of developing comorbidities and the incidence of RVO in older individuals. | |
| Hsieh et al. (2016) [26]; Taiwan | Retrospective Cohort | 463 | 2315 | 40-50(100), 51-50(133), 61-80(230) | 40-50(508), 51-60(651), 61-80(1156) | 218 | 1,090 | 112 | 618 | 357 | 1326 | 110 | 407 | The risk of mortality and atherosclerotic events was higher in patients who underwent incident haemodialysis and subsequently experienced retinal vascular occlusion. | |
| Rim et al. (2016) [27]; Korea | Retrospective Cohort | 1677 | 8637 | 50-59(393), 60-69(616), 70-79(334) | 50-59(1963), 60-69(3076), 70-79(1662) | 733 | 3659 | 1093 | 4383 | 282 | 2796 | 443 | 3205 | RVO was connected with the formation of AMI, once adjustments were made for any possible confounding factors. | |
| Chen et al. (2017) [28]; Taiwan | Retrospective Cohort | 37,921 | 113,763 | 62.4±13.1 | 62.4±13.2 | 19,416 | 58,249 | 15,020 | 35,264 | 30,194 | 69,547 | 18,852 | 45,142 | Individuals with RVO are at a significantly higher risk of developing AMI compared to those without RVO. | |
| Umeya et al. (2021) [29]; Japan | Retrospective Cohort | 57 | 125 | 76.8 (9.4) | 75.6 (8.6) | 23 | 43 | 16 | 26 | 6 | 0 | NR | NR | This study uncovered a greater likelihood of cardiovascular events in individuals with RVO | |
| Wai et al. (2023) [30]; USA | Retrospective Cohort | 34,874 | 66 (15.2) | 17 146 | 9174 | 19,277 | 16,995 | This research found that individuals with RAO, both in the short and long term, had a higher risk of death, stroke, and MI when compared to those with cataracts. | |||||||
| Wai et al. (2024) [31]; USA | Retrospective Cohort | 45,304 | 1,207,416 | 68.1 (14.3) | 65.1 (10.8) | 21,112 | 509,529 | 12,776 | 359,810 | 26,377 | 579,559 | 14,180 | 404,484 | The incidence of mortality, cerebrovascular accident, and myocardial infarction is greater in patients with RVO than in their corresponding controls. | |