Table 3. Currently available biomarkers for clinical use.
| Category | CSF biomarkers | Plasma biomarkers | Neuroimaging biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proteinopathy Aβ (A) | ↓ Aβ42/Aβ40
↑ p-tau/Aβ42 |
↓ Aβ42/Aβ40 | Positive amyloid PET [11C]-PiB, [18F]-Florbetaben, [18F]-Florbetapir*, [18F]-Flutemetamol* |
| Proteinopathy phosphorylated tau (T) | ↑ p-tau181 ↑ p-tau181/Aβ42 |
↑ p-tau 217*
↑ p-tau217/np-tau217 |
Positive tau PET ([18F]-Flortaucipir*) |
| Neurodegeneration (N) | ↑ NfL ↑ t-tau |
↑ NfL*
↑ t-tau |
FDG-PET with temporoparietal, posterior cingulate and precuneus hypometabolism Brain MRI with medial temporal lobe atrophy (particularly the entorhinal cortex), precuneus and temporoparietal cortex. |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ, amyloid beta; p-tau: phosphorylated tau; PET, positron emission tomography; NfL, light chain neurofilaments; FDG, [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Note: *Biomarkers not commercially available in Brazil.