Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in analysis
| Lead Author (JBI % Yes) | Journal (Year) | Study Design (Level of Evidence) | Study Population | Athletes, AE | Number of Injuries | Time Lost | Injury Setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aragon
2
(63%) |
J Athl Train
(2012) |
Cross section (4) |
Collegiate position players | 65 athletes | 19 shoulder or elbow | NR | NR |
| Bonza
7
(100%) |
J Athl Train
(2009) |
Case series (4) |
High school | 254,568 AE | Shoulder 28 | <1 week 51.1% | Shoulder practice 0.91/10,000 AE game 1.46/10,000 AE |
| Darrow
11
(100%) |
Am J Sports Med
(2009) |
Case series (4) |
High school | 254,568 AE | Shoulder 4.089 a | >21 days | NR |
| Gooch
18
(38%) |
Sports Health
(2022) |
Cross section (4) |
High school | 28 athletes | Shoulder 11 elbow 11 |
NR | NR |
| Hassebrock
20
(100%) |
Orthop J Sports Med
(2019) |
Case series (4) |
Collegiate | 8,250,393 AE | Elbow 1222 | <1 day 77.7% <1 week 14.8% 1-3 weeks 3.7% >3 weeks 3.7% |
Elbow practice 2.28/10,000 AE competition 1.54/10,000AE |
| Hill
21
(75%) |
Sports Health
(2004) |
Cross section (4) |
Collegiate | 181 athletes | Shoulder 41 Elbow 9 |
NR | NR |
| Kerr
25
(100%) |
J Athl Train
(2017) |
Case series (4) |
High school and collegiate | NR | High school Shoulder 135 Arm/elbow 142 College Shoulder 59 Arm/elbow 42 |
All injuries NTL | NR |
| Krajnik
27
(100%) |
Pediatrics
(2010) |
Case series (4) |
High school | 399,522 AE | Shoulder 40 | <1 week 49% 1-3 weeks 33% >3 weeks 10% 8% unable to RTP |
Shoulder practice 55% game 45% |
| Li
28
(100%) |
Orthop J Sports Med
(2019) |
Case Series (4) |
Collegiate | NR | Elbow (UCL) 3, National estimate 116 |
>21 days for 66.6% of injuries | NR |
| Loosli
30
(71%) |
Am J Sports Med
(1992) |
Cross section (4) |
Collegiate pitchers | 24 athletes | Shoulder 9 Elbow 4 |
NR | NR |
| Marshall
33
(100%) |
J Athl Train
(2007) |
Case series (4) |
Collegiate | 11,6713 AE | Shoulder 465 Elbow 97 |
NR | Shoulder practice 318 (68%) game 147 (32%) Elbow practice 72 (74%) game 25 (26%) |
| Oliver
36
(100%) |
Orthop J Sports Med
(2019) |
Case Series (4) |
High school | 2,095,329 AE | Shoulder 239 Elbow 85 |
Shoulder <1 week 40.6% 1-3 weeks 40.6% >3 weeks 5.6% 13.2% unable to RTP Elbow <1 week 60% 1-3 weeks 30.6% >3 weeks 2.4% 7% unable to RTP |
Shoulder practice 1.04/10,000 AE game 1.33/10,000 AE Elbow practice 0.41/10,000 AE game 0.42/10,000 AE |
| Powell
40
(63%) |
Am J Sports Med
(2000) |
Cohort (3) |
High school | 5,435 player-seasons | 138 (Shoulder/arm) | NR | NR |
| Rechel
41
(100%) |
J Trauma Acute Care Surg
(2011) |
Case series (4) |
High school | 663,546 AE | 2.622 a | NR | NR |
| Robinson
42
(100%) |
Pediatrics
(2014) |
Case series (4) |
High school | 911,814 AE | Shoulder 80 | <1 week 43.4% 1-3 weeks 39.6% >3 weeks 9.4% 2% unable to RTP |
Shoulder practice 0.67/10,000 AE game 1.27/10,000 AE |
| Sauers
44
(63%) |
J Sport Rehabil
(2011) |
Cross section (4) |
High school and collegiate pitchers | 25 athletes | Shoulder 7 Elbow 5 |
NR | NR |
| Shanley
45
(88%) |
Int J Sports Phys Ther
(2012) |
Cohort (3) |
High school pitchers | 12 athletes | 2 Shoulder | NR | NR |
| Shanley
46
(88%) |
J Athl Train
(2011) |
Cohort (3) |
High school | 3760 AE | Shoulder 8 Elbow 2 |
NR | NR |
| Smith
48
(75%) |
Sports Health
(2015) |
Cohort (3) |
High school | 98 athletes | Shoulder 12 Elbow 3 |
NR | NR |
| Snyder Valier
49
(100%) |
J Athl Train
(2020) |
Case Series (4) |
High school | 140,073 AE | Shoulder 150 Elbow 90 |
Shoulder 89.3% injuries NTL Elbow 93% injuries NTL |
NR |
| Veillard
52
(100%) |
J Athl Train
(2021) |
Case series (4) |
Collegiate | 385,922 AE | Shoulder 229 Elbow 131 |
NR | Shoulder practice 6.8/10,000 AE a game 4.8/10,000 AE a Elbow practice 3.9/10,000 AE a game 2.8/10,000 AE a |
| Wasserman
53
(100%) |
J Athl Train
(2019) |
Case series (4) |
High school & collegiate | High school 1,173,722 AE College 579,553 AE |
High school Shoulder 66 Elbow 49 College Shoulder 143 Elbow 67 |
NR | High school Shoulder practice 0.9/10,000 AE game 1.2/10,000 AE Elbow practice 0.6/10,000 AEgame 0.8/10,000 AE College Shoulder practice 2.0/10,000 AE game 3.1/10,000 AE Elbow practice 2.0/10,000 AE game 2.9/10,000 AE |
AE, athletic exposures; JBI, Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools; NR, not reported; NTL, nontime loss; RTP, return to play; UCL, ulnar collateral ligament.
a
Number of injuries calculated based on reported data.