Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Characteristic | Number of Studies (%) |
|---|---|
| Country/region | |
| United States | 9 (24.3) |
| Canada | 2 (5.4) |
| Europe | 14 (37.8) |
| Australia | 6 (16.2) |
| New Zealand | 1 (2.7) |
| Brazil | 1 (2.7) |
| Japan | 1 (2.7) |
| Israel | 1 (2.7) |
| Multicountry | 1 (2.7) |
| N/A | 1 (2.7) |
| Publication date | |
| 1980-1989 | 10 (27.0) |
| 1990-1999 | 5 (13.5) |
| 2000-2009 | 2 (5.4) |
| 2010-2019 | 13 (35.1) |
| 2020-2023 | 7 (18.9) |
| Research design | |
| Review | 1 (2.7) |
| Pre-experimental | 1 (2.7) |
| Cohort | 22 (59.5) |
| Case-control | 1 (2.7) |
| Cross-sectional | 2 (5.4) |
| Case series/case study | 10 (27.0) |
| Setting | |
| Hospital | 26 (70.3) |
| High school | 1 (2.7) |
| Championship events | 5 (13.5) |
| Local racetracks | 2 (5.4) |
| Other | 2 (5.4) |
| N/A | 1 (2.7) |
| Age | |
| Youth, ≤18 years | 21 (56.8) |
| Adult, >18 years | 7 (18.9) |
| Both youth and adult | 5 (13.5) |
| NR | 3 (8.1) |
| N/A | 1 (2.7) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 15 (40.5) |
| Female | 0 (0.0) |
| Both male and female | 17 (45.9) |
| NR | 4 (10.8) |
| N/A | 1 (2.7) |
| Level of competition | |
| Recreational | 12 (32.4) |
| Competitive/professional | 11 (29.7) |
| NR | 13 (35.1) |
| N/A | 1 (2.7) |
N/A, not applicable; NR, not reported.