Table 2.
Association of social determinants of health measures with AKI development in hospitalized patients
| Neighborhood Social Determinants of Health Measures | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR, (95% CI) | Model 3, OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Area deprivation (ADI 1–10 state scale, in tertiles) | |||
| Low (1–3) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medium (4–6) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.16)a | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.16) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) |
| High (7–10) | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.30)a | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.31)a | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19)a |
| Food desert (LILA at 1 mile for urban, 10 miles for rural areas) | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21)a | 1.13 (1,06 to 1.21)a | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) |
| Rural (RUCA 4–10) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.04) | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.02) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) |
| Residential segregation | |||
| Dissimilarity index | |||
| Low (0.005–0.52) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medium (0.52–0.69) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.06) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.04) |
| High (0.69–1) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) |
| Isolation index | |||
| Low (0.01–0.32) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medium (0.32–0.70) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) |
| High (0.70–1) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.27)a | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27)a | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.07) |
Model 1: unadjusted, model 2: adjusted for age, sex, baseline eGFR, systolic BP, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, model 3: model 2 additionally adjusted for race. We assessed interactions by race, sex, and obesity with each of social determinants of health measure, and none were statistically significant. ADI, Area Deprivation Index, CI, confidence interval; LILA, Low-Income, Low-Access; OR, odds ratio; RUCA, Rural–Urban Commuting Area.
a
P < 0.05.