Table 2.

Commonly known rho-kinase inhibitors and their usage.

ROCK inhibitors	Clinical use	Main route of administration	Mechanism and pharmacodynamics	Side effects	Note
Y-27632	Treatment of FECD	Topical (ophthalmic solution)	Corneal clearing and visual improvement	Symptomatic hypotension	• The first small molecule ROCK inhibitor • Approved for clinical use in the United States
Ripasudil (K-115)	Treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension	Topical (ophthalmic solution)	Reduce IOP	Mild conjunctival hyperemia	• A derivative of fasudil • The first ROCK inhibitor approved for clinical use • Approved for clinical use in Japan and the United States
Netarsudil (AR-13503)	Treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension, specifically in the United States	Topical (ophthalmic solution)	Reduce IOP	Conjunctival hyperemia and corneal verticillata, instillation site pain, and conjunctival hemorrhages	• Both an RKI and a norepinephrine transport inhibitor • Approved for clinical use in Japan and the United States
Fasudil	Treatment of vasospasms following subarachnoid hemorrhage, specifically in Japan	Intravenous infusion	Suppress cerebral vasospasm and associated cerebral ischemic symptoms	No severe side effects	Approved for clinical use in Japan and China
Belumosudil	Treatment of chronic graft versus host disease	Oral	Inhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell responses	Infections	Approved for clinical use in the United States