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. 2024 Oct 30;11:1442628. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1442628

Table 2.

Frequency table of the scores of the welfare indicators obtained at the animal level corresponding to the four welfare principles (i.e., Good feeding, Good housing, Good health and Appropriate behavior) collected from 510 camels in Pakistan in 2023.

Welfare principle Welfare indicator Observation Scoring scale Number Percentage p value
Good feeding Food availability Yes 0 352 69 <0.001
No 2 158 31
Water availability Yes 0 89 17.5 <0.001
No 2 421 82.5
Body condition score BCS = 3 (good body condition) 0 180 35.3 <0.001
BCS = 2 or BCS = 4 (moderate body condition) 1 267 52.4
BCS = 0–1 or BCS = 5 (cachexia or obesity) 2 63 12.4
Good housing Currently available shade Yes 0 41 8 <0.001
No 2 469 92
Risk of injury No 0 445 87.3 <0.001
Yes 2 65 12.7
Presence of ectoparasites No 0 391 76.7 <0.001
Yes 2 119 23.3
Camel coat cleanliness Clean 0 375 73.5 <0.001
Partially clean 1 112 22
Dirty 2 23 4.5
Tethered No 0 488 95.7 <0.001
Yes 2 22 4.3
Restrained into two/three legs No 0 365 71.6 <0.001
Yes 2 145 28.4
Hobbled No 0 486 95.3 <0.001
Yes 2 24 4.7
Voluntary resting behavior Yes 0 143 28 <0.001
No 2 367 72
Good health Presence of bleeding No 0 477 93.5 <0.001
Yes 2 33 6.5
Presence of injury (open wounds) No 0 459 90 <0.001
Yes 2 51 10
Presence of swollen joints No 0 495 97.1 <0.001
Yes 2 15 2.9
Presence of lameness No 0 507 99.4 <0.001
Yes 2 3 0.6
Presence of skin disorders No 0 329 64.5 <0.001
Yes 2 181 35.5
Presence of discharge (nose, eye, vulva) No 0 370 72.5 <0.001
Yes 2 140 27.5
Presence of diarrhoea No 0 499 97.8 <0.001
Yes 2 11 2.2
Presence of respiratory disorders No 0 507 99.4 <0.001
Yes 2 3 0.6
Presence of other health disorders No 0 425 83.3 <0.001
Yes 2 85 16.7
Presence of pain-induced management practices (cauterization, branding, nose pag, mutilation) No 0 358 70.2 <0.001
Yes 2 152 29.8
Evident pain No 0 493 96.7 <0.001
Yes 2 17 3.3
Appropriate behavior Positive social camel-camel interactions (cow-calf contact, allogrooming, sniffing) Yes 0 339 66.5 <0.001
No 2 171 33.5
Aggressive camel-camel interactions No 0 500 98 <0.001
Yes 2 10 2
Stereotypies No 0 508 99.6 <0.001
Yes 2 2 0.4
Feeding or rumination Yes 0 207 40.6 <0.001
No 2 303 59.4
Approaching test Positive 0 272 53.3 <0.001
Neutral 1 151 29.6
Negative 2 87 17.1