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. 2024 Nov 12;14:27642. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78936-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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An illustration of the 2-HT eyewitness identification model in the form of processing trees. The ovals on the left represent the different types of lineups presented: culprit-present lineups and culprit-absent lineups. The rectangles on the right show the observable response categories. The letters attached to the branches connecting the ovals and rectangles represent the cognitive processes underlying eyewitness responses (dP: probability of detecting the presence of the culprit; b: probability of biased selection of the suspect; g: probability of guessing-based selection of a lineup member; dA: probability of detecting the absence of the culprit). Guessing-based selection results in the selection of the suspect with the sampling probability that is given by the reciprocal of the lineup size.