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. 2024 Jun 19;34(12):8015–8029. doi: 10.1007/s00330-024-10841-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Flowchart of study inclusion and exclusion. TBI, traumatic brain injury; msTBI, moderate-severe TBI; sTBI, severe TBI; mTBI, mild TBI; Oct., October; Dec., December. *Due to poor quality or large artefacts, or missing one or more of three essential MRI sequences (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted imaging, or T2* gradient echo/susceptibility-weighted imaging), since outcome analyses were performed with a complete case approach (see ‘Materials & methods’ section). **Excluded since CENTRE-TBI images will be used in later validation studies. ^#Reclassified based on admission GCS score (see also ‘Materials & methods’ section)