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. 2024 Nov 12;14:27548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77400-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Differences between the dog owner profiles regarding the management practices of the owner: (a) the time spent in the presence of the dog per day, (b) the housing conditions of the dog, (c) the use of positive reinforcement and professional training methods, and (d) the inconsistency in rules/education of the dog.