Figure 1.

—A framework for stroke rehabilitation: a multi-modal assessment strategy. sEMG: surface electromyography; EEG: electroencephalography; fNIRS: functional near infrared spectroscopy; TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation; MEG: magnetoencephalography. This diagram outlines a framework for stroke rehabilitation, encompassing a multi-modal assessment strategy. Key components include movement analysis, via electromyography and kinematics, brain activity assessments such as EEG, fNIRS, TMS, MEG and clinical scale evaluations, all of which contribute to an understanding of neural and residual motor functions. Dotted lines highlight the role of muscle synergy analysis in fine-tuning the rehabilitation protocol, which is continuously refined to enhance motor outcomes, suggesting that the integration of synergy data can lead to adjustments for more targeted intervention.