Table 4.

Summary of vitamin C effect on mortality as reported by RCTs.

	CITRIS-ALI 2019 (35)	VITAMINS 2020 (32)	HYVCTTSSS 2020 (24)	ORANGES 2020 (27)	ACTS 2020 (29)	Wani 2020 (30)	ATESS 2020 (26)	VICTAS 2021 (25)	LOVIT 2022 (28)
28 or 30 days mortality	29.8% in vitamin C vs. 46.3% in control p = 0.03	22.6% in vitamin C vs. 20.4% in control	27.5% in vitamin C vs. 35% in control*	NA	34.7% in vitamin C vs. 29.3% in control	40% in vitamin C vs. 42% in control	20% in vitamin C vs. 15.5% in control	NA	35.4% in vitamin C vs. 31.6% in control
ICU mortality	NA	19.6% in vitamin C vs. 18.3% in control	NA	9% in vitamin C vs. 14% in control	NA	NA	15.2% in vitamin C vs. 13.5% in control	20.6% in vitamin C vs. 19.7% in control	NA
Hospital mortality	NA	23.4% in vitamin C vs. 20.4% in control	NA	16% in vitamin C vs. 19.4% in control	NA	24% in vitamin C vs. 28% in control	24.5% in vitamin C vs. 19% in control	NA	NA
90 days mortality	NA	28.6% in vitamin C vs. 24.5% in control	NA	NA	NA	NA	32.1% in vitamin C vs. 27.6% in control	40.5% in vitamin C vs. 37.8% in control**	NA

^*In subgroup analysis, patients who diagnosed with sepsis within 48 h showed a lower mortality (p = 0.02).

^**180 days mortality.