Table 1.
Comparison of participants by status of antihypertensive medication use; no antihypertension medications, only first-line medications, and only non-first-line medications, or combination of first-line and non-first-line medications
| Antihypertensive medication status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No meds | Only first-line meds | Only non-first-line meds | Combination meds | p-value | |
| Variable | N = 157 | N = 111 | N = 21 | N = 22 | |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 33.04 (4.97) | 34.90 (3.91) | 32.19 (5.10) | 35.09 (4.70) | 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.008 | ||||
| Male (%) | 92 (58.6) | 61 (55.0) | 5 (23.8) | 8 (36.4) | |
| Female (%) | 65 (41.4) | 50 (45.0) | 16 (76.2) | 14 (63.6) | |
| Race (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Black | 22 (14.0) | 36 (32.4) | 4 (19.0) | 10 (45.5) | |
| Other | 12 (7.6) | 9 (8.1) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.1) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 123 (78.3) | 66 (59.5) | 13 (61.9) | 10 (45.5) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.144 | ||||
| Single | 42 (26.8) | 42 (37.8) | 8 (38.1) | 12 (54.5) | |
| Married/partnered | 111 (70.7) | 66 (59.5) | 13 (61.9) | 10 (45.5) | |
| Divorced/widower | 4 (2.5) | 3 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Highest level of education (%) | 0.940 | ||||
| I have not finished high school | 6 (3.8) | 6 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (13.6) | |
| I have completed high school | 22 (14.0) | 15 (13.5) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.1) | |
| I have not finished college or vocation school | 24 (15.3) | 16 (14.4) | 7 (33.3) | 5 (22.7) | |
| I finished college or vocational school | 73 (46.5) | 53 (47.7) | 7 (33.3) | 4 (18.2) | |
| Some/completed Graduate or Professional School | 32 (20.4) | 21 (18.9) | 4 (19.0) | 8 (36.4) | |
| Number of children at home (mean (SD)) | 0.95 (1.38) | 1.08 (1.43) | 1.24 (1.41) | 0.95 (1.12) | 0.674 |
| Ever been on Medicaid (%) | 30 (19.1) | 27 (24.3) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (22.7) | 0.767 |
| Weight (kg) (mean (SD)) | 101.87 (30.75) | 104.39 (25.08) | 96.52 (26.37) | 110.41 (26.12) | 0.149 |
| Waist circumference (cm) (mean (SD)) | 107.42 (20.65) | 111.21 (18.45) | 107.67 (20.86) | 116.45 (17.93) | 0.091 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (mean (SD)) | 33.61 (9.37) | 35.15 (8.41) | 34.32 (8.16) | 37.42 (6.81) | 0.016 |
| Office systolic BP (mmHg) (mean (SD)) | 139.15 (13.99) | 137.41 (13.98) | 136.16 (16.20) | 138.76 (16.86) | 0.579 |
| Office diastolic BP (mmHg) (mean (SD)) | 91.42 (11.35) | 90.57 (11.49) | 93.16 (12.43) | 94.14 (9.79) | 0.230 |
| Ambulatory systolic BP (mmHg) (mean (SD)) | 133.10 (12.44) | 132.79 (12.42) | 129.86 (10.13) | 134.86 (9.37) | 0.368 |
| Ambulatory diastolic BP (mmHg) (mean (SD)) | 87.08 (8.45) | 86.28 (7.89) | 87.86 (6.46) | 87.05 (6.26) | 0.554 |
| e-cigarette/vaping use in past 6 months (%) | 15 (9.6) | 9 (8.1) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.504 |
| Cigarette tobacco status (%) | 0.929 | ||||
| I currently smoke cigarettes | 19 (12.1) | 15 (13.5) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (18.2) | |
| I have never smoked cigarettes | 105 (66.9) | 77 (69.4) | 16 (76.2) | 14 (63.6) | |
| I used to smoke cigarettes | 33 (21.0) | 19 (17.1) | 3 (14.3) | 4 (18.2) | |
| Alcohol beverages/week (mean (SD)) | 5.52 (6.22) | 5.51 (6.26) | 3.86 (4.29) | 4.23 (6.55) | 0.376 |
| Anxiety and/or depression (%) | 87 (55.4) | 46 (41.4) | 14 (66.7) | 13 (59.1) | 0.048 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 38 (24.2) | 28 (25.2) | 1 (4.8) | 6 (27.3) | 0.212 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.703 |
| Diabetes (%) | 3 (1.9) | 9 (8.1) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (18.2) | 0.007 |
| Other chronic comorbidity (%) | 57 (36.3) | 46 (41.4) | 7 (33.3) | 11 (50.0) | 0.540 |
| Family history of heart disease or stroke (%) | 48 (30.6) | 49 (44.1) | 6 (28.6) | 10 (45.5) | 0.089 |
| Self-perceived health status (%) | 0.133 | ||||
| Excellent | 6 (3.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Very good or good | 79 (50.3) | 59 (53.2) | 6 (28.6) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Fair | 52 (33.1) | 40 (36.0) | 13 (61.9) | 6 (28.6) | |
| Poor or no response | 20 (12.7) | 11 (9.9) | 2 (9.5) | 6 (28.6) | |
| Financial status: inadequate income (%) | 130 (82.8) | 81 (73.0) | 17 (81.0) | 15 (68.2) | 0.164 |
| Godin-Shephard Physical Activity, Insufficiently active (%) | 80 (51.0) | 56 (50.5) | 14 (66.7) | 12 (54.5) | 0.564 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day) (mean (SD)) | 3897.25 (2067.46) | 3384.44 (1436.45) | 3002.62 (973.85) | 3083.73 (1512.78) | 0.042 |
Comparisons of nominal categorical variables were made using chi-square tests; continuous variables and categorical variables with a natural ordering (highest level of education and self-perceived health status) were tested using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Bold values are significant at the alpha = 0.05 level
Percent is calculated using the denominator at the top of each column
P-values show overall associations between medication category and each characteristic