FIGURE 3.

Mechanism of MSC in promoting cartilage repair. This figure outlines the pivotal role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cartilage repair and the molecular mechanisms involved. It demonstrates how MSCs contribute to the restoration and maintenance of cartilage through their differentiation into chondrocytes, influenced by signaling molecules such as TGF-β. The figure highlights the activation of the transcription factor SOX-9, which is essential for chondrogenic differentiation and is upregulated by TGF-β. SOX-9 then promotes the expression of key extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including type II collagen (Col2a1) and aggrecan, which are crucial for cartilage structure and function. Additionally, the figure indicates the involvement of the MAPK pathway, which can lead to increased expression of MMP13 and ADAMTS5, enzymes associated with cartilage degradation. The interaction between the Wnt pathway and YAP-TAZ signaling is also depicted, illustrating their role in cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. The figure encapsulates the complex network of interactions that underlie MSC-induced chondrogenesis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of MSCs in treating osteoarthritis by enhancing cartilage repair and reducing inflammation.