TABLE 1.
Nanomedicines to reduce inflammation of synovial and articular cartilage.
| Composition | Cell | Animal | Dose | Outcome | Refernces |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MLX-Ca (AC)2Lipo | ATDC5 | Rats |
In vitro: 20 μM In vivo:4 mM |
Degenerated cartilage area↓ | Hu et al., (2020) |
| CBD-PLGA-NPs | Rats’ primary chondrocytes | — |
In vitro: 20 μg/mL In vivo:/ |
IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP13↓ | Gherasim et al., (2020) |
| SFNs-CXB | Human primary chondrocytes | — |
In vitro: 800 μg/mL In vivo:/ |
ROS, IL-6↓ | Pangli et al., (2021) |
| CUR-PLGA NPs | — | Rats |
In vitro:/ In vivo: 200 mg/kg |
NK-κB, Cleaved caspase3↓ | Dhall and Self, (2018) |
| ACP | RAW264.7 | Mice |
In vitro: 10,25 μg/mL In vivo: 2.5, 5 mg/kg |
TNF-α; IL-1β; ROS↓ Aggrecan↑ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Xiong et al., (2023) |
| PEG-FMN NPs | Rats’ primary chondrocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 1.25 μg/mL, 14 μg/mL In vivo: 1.25 ug/mL |
MMP13↓ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Azeez et al., (2024) |
| AG@MSNs-PAA | Rats’ primary chondrocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 8 μM In vivo: 8 μM |
MMP13↓ Aggrecan; COL2↑ |
Eker et al., (2024) |
| DIA-PLGA NPs | Rats’ primary synoviocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 10 μg/mL In vivo: 90.61 μg/rat, 470.20 μg/mL |
IL-1; IL-6; MMP3; COX-2; TNF-α↓ IL-4; IL-10↑ |
Li et al., (2024b) |
| MRC-PPL-PSO | Mice Primary chondrocytes | Mice |
In vitro: 15 μM In vivo:15 μM |
IL-1β; MMP3, TNF-α; MMP13; NF-κB, p-P38, p-AKT↓ COL2↑ |
Yan et al., (2019) |
| Ta-NH2 NPs | Rats’ primary chondrocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 100 μg/mL In vivo: 10 μg |
iNOS↓ Degenerated cartilage area, degenerated surface cartilage width, total osteophyte volume ↓ |
Bartlett et al., (2013) |
| AuNPs | — | Rats |
In vitro:/ In vivo: AuNPs: 30 μg/kg |
serum estrogen↓ IL-6, IL-β, TNF-α, COX-1, COX-2↓ |
Zhang et al., (2022b) |
| E@Au-Ag NPs | Rats’ primary chondrocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 12 μg/mL In vivo:/ |
ROS↓ Apoptosis↓ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Zheng et al., (2023) |
| Au@PDA-WL NPs | ATDC5 | Mice |
In vitro: 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 p.m. In vivo: 25 μL |
Collage II↑ ROS↓ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Zha et al., (2021) |
| H-MnO2 NPs | — | Mice |
In vitro:/ In vivo: 6 μg |
IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α↓ Degenerated cartilage area, degenerated surface cartilage width, total osteophyte volume ↓ |
Zhuang et al., (2024) |
| Mn3O4@CS | SW1353 | Mice |
In vitro: 8 μg/mL In vivo: 0.4 μg |
iNOS, COX2, MMP13↓ SOD, CAT, COL2↑ |
Knights et al., (2023) |
| Mil-88a nano-enzyme | Mice Primary chondrocytes | Mice |
In vitro:1–10 μg/mL In vivo:/ |
MMP13↓ SOD, Col2↑ Degenerated cartilage area, degenerated surface cartilage width, total osteophyte volume ↓ |
Van Osch et al., (2009) |
| PLGA NP AB | C28/I2 | Mice |
In vitro:10–60 μg/mL In vivo: 20 μg |
Degenerated cartilage area, degenerated surface cartilage width, total osteophyte volume ↓ | Jeyaraman et al., (2024) |
| PLGA-HA | RAW264.7 | Mice |
In vitro:3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125 μg/mL In vivo: 10 mg/mL |
NO↓ | Roseti et al., (2019) |
| HA-NP | Mice primary chondrocytes | Mice |
In vitro: 80 μg/mL In vivo: 0.2 mg/mL |
NK-κB, MMP3, MMP13,COX-2, PGE2↓ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Liang et al., (2023) |
| PEG-PLGA-HA | C28/I2 | Mice | In vivo: 2.3 mg/mL | Degenerated cartilage area, degenerated surface cartilage width, total osteophyte volume ↓ | Wang et al., (2024) |
| PLEL@PL-NPs | ATDC5; primary human articular chondrocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 0–2,500 μg/mL In vivo: 50 μL |
IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2,CD68↓ COL2↑ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Wu et al., (2024) |
| PDKi-NPs | Pigs’ primary chondrocytes | — |
In vitro: 10 μM In vivo:/ |
Caspase3, p-Akt, NO, PGE2, NF-κB, MMP14, P53↓ ACAN, COL2, SOX9↑ |
Chen et al., (2020) |
| macrophage membrane-coated KAFAK-shRNA-LEPR-PEI-NPs | RAW264.7 | Rats |
In vitro: 1 μg/mL In vivo:/ |
TNF-α; IL-2β, CD86↓ IL-10, COL2, CD2↑ |
Atwal et al., (2023) |
| P47phox siRNA-PLGA-NPs | — | Rats |
In vitro:/ In vivo: 0.2 μM |
ROS↓ Degenerated cartilage area↓ |
Carton and Malatesta, (2024) |
| P16INK4a siRNA-PLGA-NPs | Primary cultured human articular chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes | Mice |
In vitro: 50, 100, 200,600, 1,000 μg/mL In vivo: 200 μg |
TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP13↓ | Li et al., (2024d) |
| BPNSs | Rats’ primary chondrocytes | Rats |
In vitro: 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL In vivo: 10 μg/mL |
ADAMTS5, ADAMTS1↓ COL2, Aggrecan, RUNX2, BMP2↑ |
Jiang et al., (2024) |
SFNs: silk fibroin nanoparticles; CXB: celecoxib; ACP: acid-activatable curcumin polymer; PEG: poly (ethylene glycol); FMN: formononetin; AG: andrographolide; MSNs: mesoporous silica nanoparticles; PAA: pH-responsive polyacrylic acid; DIA: diacerein; PLGA: poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); NPs: nanoparticles; MRC-PPL: cartilage-targeting and OA-specific theranostic nanoplatforms; PSO: psoralen; Au: Gold; DIA: diacerein; Ta-NH2-NPs: tantalum nanoparticles; E@Au-Ag NPs: EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate) decorated Au-Ag nano-jars; PDA: polydopamine; WL: WYRGRL; H-MnO2: Hollow- MnO2; HA: hyaluronic acid; PLEL: poly (d, L-lactide)-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (d, L-lactide); PL: platelet lysate; PDKi: protein kinase D inhibitor. BPNSs: Black phosphorus nanosheets; CS: chondroitin sulfate.