Table 4. Change scores at T1 and T2.
| EA group | AC group | Control group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 24) | (N = 24) | (N = 24) | ||
| Change score (T1-T0) | ||||
| Hand VAS score | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-1.75 (-2.48, -1.02) |
-1.88 (-2.66, -1.09) |
-0.33 (-0.93, 0.26) |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.257 | |
| Feet VAS score | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-1.79 (-2.43, -1.16) |
-1.50 (-2.27, -0.73) |
-0.33 (-0.78, 0.11) |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.133 | |
| ΔT hands (°C) | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-0.86 (-1.53, -0.19) |
-0.58 (-1.20, 0.05) |
-0.80 (-1.86, 0.27) |
| p-value | 0.014 | 0.068 | 0.137 | |
| ΔT feet (°C) | Mean difference (95% CI) |
0.41 (-0.83, 1.65) |
-0.74 (-1.67, 0.18) |
-0.20 (-1.11, 0.70) |
| p-value | 0.500 | 0.110 | 0.645 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Total score |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
9.50 (7.58, 11.42) |
8.54 (6.51, 10.57) |
6.88 (4.17, 9.58) |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Physical domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
0.83 (-0.14, 1.80) |
0.92 (0.19, 1.64) |
0.50 (-0.41, 1.41) |
| p-value | 0.089 | 0.015 | 0.266 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Psychological domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
0.92 (0.06, 1.77) |
0.46 (-0.29, 1.21) |
-0.04 (-1.00, 0.92) |
| p-value | 0.036 | 0.217 | 0.929 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Social domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
-0.21 (-0.66, 0.24) |
0.25 (-0.20, 0.70) |
0.00 (-0.41, 0.41) |
| p-value | 0.347 | 0.266 | 1.000 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Environmental domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
1.21 (0.34, 2.08) |
0.17 (-1.05, 1.38) |
0.04 (-0.93, 1.02) |
| p-value | 0.009 | 0.780 | 0.930 | |
| Change score (T2-T0) | ||||
| Hand VAS score | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-1.42 (-2.18, -0.65) |
-1.50 (-2.39, -0.61) |
-0.96 (-1.78, -0.14) |
| p-value | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.024 | |
| Feet VAS score | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-2.29 (-2.94, -1.64) |
-1.88 (-2.78, -0.97) |
-1.00 (-1.66, -0.34) |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | |
| ΔT hands (°C) | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-1.18 (-2.03, -0.33) |
-0.74 (-1.67, 0.18) |
-0.96 (-2.07, 0.15) |
| p-value | 0.009 | 0.110 | 0.087 | |
| ΔT feet (°C) | Mean difference (95% CI) |
-1.46 (-2.77, -0.16) |
-0.61 (-1.24, 0.01) |
-0.32 (-1.35, 0.70) |
| p-value | 0.029 | 0.054 | 0.516 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Total score |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
11.67 (8.91, 14.42) |
8.21 (5.38, 11.04) |
5.25 (2.23, 8.27) |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Physical domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
1.88 (0.86, 2.89) |
0.58 (-0.40, 1.56) |
-0.04 (-1.33, 1.25) |
| p-value | 0.001 | 0.231 | 0.947 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Psychological domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
1.83 (0.90, 2.76) |
0.33 (-0.64, 1.31) |
-0.29 (-1.25, 0.67) |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.488 | 0.536 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Social domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
-0.13 (-0.61, 0.36) |
0.04 (-0.54, 0.62) |
-0.17 (-0.53, 0.20) |
| p-value | 0.601 | 0.883 | 0.357 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF Environmental domain |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
1.33 (0.23, 2.44) |
0.38 (-0.97, 1.72) |
-0.75 (-1.87, 0.37) |
| p-value | 0.020 | 0.568 | 0.178 | |
EA, electroacupuncture; AC, acupuncture; VAS, visual analog scale; CI, confidence interval; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF