Figure 4.

Disparities in treatment-induced antimicrobial peptide production according to initial stimuli. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on expression of selected genes in flies treated with hkMm and hkCa. (Top) Two separate clusters are generated, one containing hkMm and PBS and the other grouping both hkCa regimens in both males (A) and females (B). (Bottom) PC1 scores (left) and variable contributions of Dim1 (right). In the PC1 scores, each circle represents an individual fly and lines depict the means in each group. Statistically significant differences are represented as follows: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, and ****p ≤ 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA for normally distributed data; Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric distributions).