Fig. 9.

Schematic overview of proposed hydrogel-based glioblastoma cell entrapment strategy. Post-surgery after removal of the primary GBM tumor mass, a hydrogel preloaded with chemokines can be injected into the empty resection cavity for crosslinking in situ. Release of the chemokines from the hydrogel can then induce the migration of residual GBM cells via chemotaxis. After the malignant cells are localized and entrapped in the hydrogel, histotripsy can be applied to non-invasively and mechanically ablate the cells with focused ultrasound treatment. Images created with BioRender.com and adapted from our previous work [17, 18].